Concrete Structure 2
International Class
Ir. Andi Arham Adam, ST., MSc., PhD
Ir. Gidion Turuallo, ST. MSc(Eng)., PhD
Two-way Slabs
SNI 2847 : 2019 PASAL 8
10. Analysis and Design of Slabs
TYPES OF SLABS
One-way Slabs
- Slabs which are supported on two opposite side only
- Slabs of which the ratio of length to width is larger than about 2
Beam
Beam
10. Analysis and Design of Slabs
TYPES OF SLABS
Two-way Slabs
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
<Two-way slab> <Flat plate>
<Flat slab> <Grid or waffle slab>
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior
One-way slabs carry
load in one direction.
Two-way slabs carry
load in two directions.
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior
One-way and two-way
slab action carry load
in two directions.
One-way slabs: Generally,
long side/short side > 2
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior
Flat slab Two-way slab with beams
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior
For flat plates and slabs the column connections
can vary between:
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior
Flat Plate Waffle slab
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior
The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab system:
General thickness of the slab is 2 to 4 in.
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior Economic Choices
• Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf
Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
– Low shear capacity
– Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior Economic Choices
• Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
– Need more formwork for capital and panels
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior Economic Choices
• Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80
-150 psf
Advantages
– Carries heavy loads
– Attractive exposed ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
– Formwork with panels is expensive
Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab
behavior Economic Choices
• One-way Slab on beams suitable span 10 to 20 ft with
LL= 60-100 psf
– Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher
cost and higher deflections
• One-way joist floor system is suitable span 20 to 30 ft
with LL= 80-120 psf
– Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are
relative low
– Expensive formwork expected.
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior
ws =load taken by short direction
wl = load taken by long direction
dA = dB
5ws A4 5wl B 4
384 EI 384 EI
ws B4
For B 2A ws 16 wl
wl A4
Rule of Thumb: For B/A > 2,
design as one-way slab
Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor
Section A-A:
Moment per ft width in planks wl12
M kN - m
2 8
Total Moment l1
M f wl2 kN - m
8
Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor
wl1
Uniform load on each beam kN/m
2 2
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B) wl l
M lb 1 2 kN - m
2 8
Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
2
l
Total Moment in both beams M wl1 2 kN - m
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
General Design Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
General Design Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three-dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Longitudinal Transverse equivalent
equivalent frame frame
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Elevation of the frame Perspective view
Method of Analysis
(1) Elastic Analysis
Concrete slab may be treated as an elastic
plate. Use Timoshenko’s method of analyzing
the structure. Finite element analysis
Method of Analysis
(2) Plastic Analysis
The yield method used to determine the limit state of
slab by considering the yield lines that occur in the
slab as a collapse mechanism.
The strip method, where slab is divided into strips
and the load on the slab is distributed in two
orthogonal directions and the strips are analyzed as
beams.
The optimal analysis presents methods for
minimizing the reinforcement based on plastic
analysis
Method of Analysis
(3) Nonlinear analysis
Simulates the true load-deformation characteristics
of a reinforced concrete slab with finite-element
method takes into consideration of nonlinearities of
the stress-strain relationship of the individual
members.
Column and Middle Strips
The slab is broken
up into column
and middle strips
for analysis
Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-way
Construction
The SNI 2847 – 2019 or ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a
minimum slab thickness to control deflection. There
are three empirical limitations for calculating the
slab thickness (h), which are based on experimental
research. If these limitations are not met, it will be
necessary to compute deflection. See SNI 2847-2019
Point 8.3
Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-way Construction
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
The definitions of the terms are:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams
ln = Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column
b
= the ratio of the long to short clear span
am= The average value of a for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, a
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.
flexural stiffness of beam
flexural stiffness of slab
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, a
4E cb I b / l E cb I b
4E cs I s / l E cs I s
E cb Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
With width bounded laterally by centerline of
adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
The moment of inertia of a flanged beam section about its
own centroidal axis may be shown to be
3
bw h
Ib k
12
Ratio of Flexural Stiffnesses of Longitudinal
Beam to Slab
t
2 3
bE t t b t
1 1 4 6 4 E
1
bw h h h bw h
k
b t
1 E 1
bw h
where
h = overall beam depth
t =overall slab thickness
bE =effective width of flange
bw = width of web
Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of a
Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of a
Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of a
Definition of beam cross-section
Charts may be used to calculate a
Transverse Distribution of Moments
The longitudinal moment values mentioned are for the
entire width of the equivalent building frame. The
width of two half column strips and two half-middle
stripes of adjacent panels.
Transverse Distribution of Moments
Transverse
distribution
of the
longitudinal
moments to
middle and
column strips
is a function
of the ratio of
length l2/l1,a1,
and b .
Transverse Distribution of Moments
Transverse distribution of the longitudinal moments to
middle and column strips is a function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,a1, and bt.
Ecb I b Ecb C
1 t
Ecs I s 2 Ecs I s
0.63 x x 3 y
C 1
torsional constant
y 3
Distribution of M0
ACI Sec [Link]
For spans framing into a common support negative
moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger of
the 2 interior Mu’s
ACI Sec. [Link]
Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to
resist in torsion their share of exterior negative factored
moments
Factored Moment in Column Strip
a1= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab
in direction l1.
Factored Moment in an Interior Strip
Factored Moment in an Exterior Panel
Factored Moment in an Exterior Panel
Factored Moment in Column Strip
a1= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab
in direction l1.
bt= Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to flexural
stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)
Factored Moment in Column Strip
a1= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab
in direction l1.
bt= Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to flexural
stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)
Factored Moment in Column Strip
a1= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of slab
in direction l1.
Factored Moments
Factored Moments in beams (ACI Sec. 13.6.3)
Resist a percentage of column strip moment plus
moments due to loads applied directly to beams.
Factored Moments
Factored Moments in Middle strips (ACI Sec. 13.6.3)
The portion of the + Mu and - Mu not resisted
by column strips shall be proportionately
assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
Each middle strip shall be proportioned to
resist the sum of the moments assigned to its 2
half middle strips.
ACI Provisions for Effects of Pattern Loads
The maximum and minimum bending moments at
the critical sections are obtained by placing the live
load in specific patterns to produce the extreme
values. Placing the live load on all spans will not
produce either the maximum positive or negative
bending moments.
ACI Provisions for Effects of Pattern Loads
1. The ratio of live to dead load. A high ratio will
increase the effect of pattern loadings.
2. The ratio of column to beam stiffness. A low ratio
will increase the effect of pattern loadings.
3. Pattern loadings. Maximum positive moments
within the spans are less affected by pattern loadings.
Reinforcement Details Loads
After all percentages of the static moments in the
column and middle strip are determined, the steel
reinforcement can be calculated for negative and
positive moments in each strip.
a
M u As f y d Ru bd 2
2
Reinforcement Details Loads
Calculate Ru and determine the steel ratio r, where f
=0.9. As = rbd. Calculate the minimum As from
ACI codes. Figure 13.3.8 is used to determine the
minimum development length of the bars.
Ru wu f c 1 0.59wu
fy
wu
fc
Minimum extension for reinforcement in slabs without
beams(Fig. 13.3.8)
Example 1
Design an interior panel of the two-way
slab for the floor [Link] floor
consists of six panels at each direction,
with a panel size 24 ft x 20 ft. All
panels are supported by 20 in square
columns. The slabs are supported by
beams along the column line with cross
sections. The service live load is to be
taken as 80 psf and the service dead
load consists of 24 psf of floor
finishing in addition to the self-weight.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Minimum Slab Thickness for Two-way
Construction
Slabs without drop panels meeting [Link] and [Link],
tmin = 5 in
Slabs with drop panels meeting [Link] and [Link],
tmin = 4 in
Example - Slab
A flat plate floor system with
panels 24 by 20 ft is supported on
20 in. square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for the interior
and corner panels. Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams
ln
hmin
30
20 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft. 2 22.33 ft.
2 12 in.
12 in.
22.33 ft.
hmin 1 ft. 8.93 in. 9 in.
30
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams for a = am = 0 (no beams)
ln
hmin
33
12 in.
22.33 ft.
hmin 1 ft.
8.12 in. 8.5 in.
33
Example – a Calculations
The floor system consists of
solid slabs and beams in two
directions supported on 20-in.
square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness, h,
required for the floor system.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example – a Calculations
The cross-sections are:
Example – a Calculations
To find h, we need to find am therefore Ib, Islab and a for
each beam and slab in long short direction. Assume
slab thickness h = 7 in. so that x = y < 4 tf
22 in. 7 in. 15 in. 4tf 4 7 in. 28 in.
be 16 in. 2 15 in. 46 in.
Example – a Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid
I beam 22453 in 4
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 20 ft
12 12 1 ft.
6860 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 46 322 3.5 1127 1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
Beam 15 16 240 14.5 3480 4500 6.302491 9533.135
562 4607 5814.833 16638.58
ybar = 8.197509 in
I = 22453.41 in4
Example – a Calculations
Compute the a coefficient for the long direction
EI beam 22453 in 4
long
EI slab 6860 in 4
3.27
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 24 ft
12 12 1 ft.
8232 in 4
Example – a Calculations
Compute the a coefficient for short direction
4
EI beam 22453 in
short
EI slab 8232 in 4
2.73
The average am for an interior panel is
2 long 2 short 2 3.27 2 2.73
avg
4 4
3.0
Example – a Calculations
Compute the b coefficient
20 in. 1 ft.
24 ft. 2
llong 2 12 in.
1.22
lshort 20 in. 1 ft.
20 ft. 2
2 12 in.
Compute the thickness for am > 2
fy 12 in. 60000
ln 0.8 22.33 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft. 200000
h
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.28 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
Example – a Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
I L-beam 15302 in 4
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 10 ft
12 12 1 ft.
3430 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 27 189 3.5 661.5 771.75 -5.36585 5441.761
Beam 15 12 180 14.5 2610 3375 5.634146 5713.849
369 3271.5 4146.75 11155.61
ybar = 8.865854 in
I = 15302.36 in4
Example – a Calculations
Compute the am coefficient for long direction
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
long
EI slab 3430 in 4
4.46
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 12 ft
12 12 1 ft.
4116 in 4
Example – a Calculations
Compute the am coefficient for the short direction
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
short 4
EI slab 4116 in
3.72
Example – a Calculations
Compute the am coefficient for the edges and corner
4.46 2.73 3.27 2.73
m
4
3.30
3.72 3.27 2.73 3.27
m
4
3.25
Example – a Calculations
Compute the am coefficient for the edges and corner
3.72 4.46 2.73 3.27
m
4
3.55
Example – a Calculations
Compute the largest length ln of the slab/beam, edge to
first interior column.
20 in. 1 ft. 12 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft.
2 12 in. 2 12 in.
22.67 ft.
Example – a Calculations
Compute the thickness of the slab with am > 2
fy 12 in. 60000
ln 0.8 22.67 ft. 0.8
200000 1 ft. 200000
h
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.37 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
The overall depth of the slab is 7 in.
