CC3021w(V1), CC3011(V2)
Operating Systems
SP2021
Course Introduction
Owais Hakeem
SST
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Today
• CS325 educational objectives
• A quick look at what is an operating system & some
history
• The class web page ( [Link] ) is up
and running
– Class information
– Lecture notes
– Homework assignments
– Helpful hints and other pointers
– Email discussion
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Grading (subject to adjustment)
• 60% Exams
– One midterm (25%)
– Final (35%)
• 20% Quizes
– Tentatively 06 Quizes/ Report writing
– 01 class Projects
• 10% Homework
– Approximately 06 assignments
• One week from when the assignment is handed out to when it is due
• 10% Other
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Tentative class outline
• Silberschatz, [Link]., Operating System Concepts (9th
Edition)
– OS Overview (Chapters 1 and 2)
– Process Management (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7)
– Memory Management (Chapter 8 and 9)
– Storage Management and I/O (Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13)
– Security (Chapters 14 and 15)
– Linking and Loading
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Why Operating Systems
• Two views of an OS
– The OS user’s (i.e., application programmers) view
– The OS implementer’s/Designer’s view
• Purpose of operating systems:
– operating systems are designed to be convenient, others
to be efficient, and others to be some combination of the
two.
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What is an Operating System?
• An operating system (OS) is:
– A software acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer
and the computer hardware.
– The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment
in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient
manner.
• a set of utilities to simplify application development
Applications
OS
Hardware
– “all
05/27/2021 the code you Operating
didn’t write”
System, in order
Owais to implement your
Hakeem, 6
application UMT
OS history
• In the very beginning…
– OS was just a library of code that you linked into your
program; programs were loaded in their entirety into
memory, and executed
– interfaces were literally switches and blinking lights
• And then came batch systems
– OS was stored in a portion of primary memory
– OS loaded the next job into memory from the card
reader
• job gets executed
• output is printed, including a dump of memory
• repeat…
– card readers and line printers were very slow
• so CPU was idle much of the time (wastes $$)
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Single User Systems
Personal computers – computer system
dedicated to a single user.
Interactive
User convenience and responsiveness.
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Single User Systems
Can adopt technology developed for larger
operating systems—multi-process, multi-user
Individuals usually have sole use of computer
and do not need advanced protection features.
May run several different
types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS,
UNIX, Linux)
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Batch Systems
First rudimentary system.
User operator
Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers
control from one job to another.
Resident monitor :
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job
when job completes control
transfers back to monitor
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Memory Layout
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Multi-programmed Systems
Several jobs are kept
in main memory at
the same time, and
the CPU is
multiplexed among
them.
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Multi-programmed Systems
Example:
CPU I/O
Burst Burst
P1
P2
P1
…
P2
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Time-sharing Systems
An interactive system with multiprogramming
A job is swapped in and out of memory to the
disk if needed.
On-line file system must be available for users
to access data and code.
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Real-time Systems
Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.
Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time.
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Real-time Systems …
Hard real-time systems:
Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in
short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
No virtual memory—time cannot be “wasted” on
translation of logical to physical addresses
OS code structured for efficiency
Plane landing systems, process control in nuclear
power plants, respirators, etc.
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Real-time Systems ...
Soft real-time systems
Output should be produced within the given time
constraints but if it is not, the result is not life
threatening
Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.
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Next time
• Interrupts
• traps, and signals
• CPU, and I/O protection
• Memory protection
• Operating system components
• Operating system services
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