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Cranial Nerves and Soft

Tissues of the Skull
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Cerebrum ± Perception, movement of somatopleure,
sensoro-motor integration, emotion, memory, learning.
iencephalon ± omeostasis, behavioral drives in
hypothalamus; sensory relay and modification in thalamus;
melatonin secretion in pineal gland.

 

  
Control of eye movement.

 

Cerebellum and Pons ± control of movement,
proprioreceptive input; relays visual and auditory reflexes in
pons.
edulla blongata ± nvoluntry functions: blood pressure,
sleep, breathing, vomiting.
 Development

: Special Sense organs = nose,

eyes and ears, begin as small
outcrops of ectoderm called
placodes
 Development
Placode 1 = nose
Placode 2 = eye

Placode 3 = ear
 Development

: n the nose, the ectoderm become

nerve cells that send their fibres
through the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid, back to the brain

: This is Cranial Nerve = the

Olfactory Nerve
Development
Development
 Development
: The second placode becomes the lens
of the eye.
: t sinks below the surface of the skin,
and an outgrowth of the brain wraps
around it.
: The outgrowth is the retina, and the
stalk connecting it is Cranial Nerve =
The Optic Nerve
Development
 Development
: The Inner ear starts out as a lens, but
turns into a fluid filled sac

: Receptor organs of hearing and

balance.

: Cranial Nerve VIII = Auditory or

Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Development
 Development
: ÷ead somites can be divided into
2 sets. Pre-otic and post-otic
 Development
: The sklerotomes of the post otic
somites help form the floor of
the brain case
 Development

º.and their myotomes develop into

muscles of the tongue
 Development

The myotomes of the pre-otic

somites form the muscles that
move the eyeballs.
 Development

_ach is supplied by a different cranial

nerve:
 Development

Cranial Nerve =
Occulomotor Nerve
 Development

Cranial Nerve
=
Trochlear Nerve
 Development

Cranial Nerve
= Abducens Nerve

 Development

Ñill Arch Derivatives

 Development
@andibular arch
Cranial Nerve
: The Trigeminal
Nerve (3 branches)

 Opthalmic ,

 Maxillary,

3 Mandibular
 Development
÷yoid arch
Cranial Nerve
:
Facial nerve
 Development
Next arch
Cranial nerve :
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
 Development
Remaining arches
Cranial nerve :
The
agus Nerve
The Cranial Nerves

°ummary of
Cranial Nerves
 vs there a ³#0´ nerve?
The ð! 
 
ÖNerve Zero) has been
suggested as a primitive
vertebrate structure
serving the vomeraonasal
organ.
Special Sensory
Nerves
 Cranial Nerve I

The Olfactory Nerve

Sensory
Smell
Cribriform plate of
ethmoid
Introduction to eye proper
Cranial Nerve II

The Optic Nerve

Sensory

ision
Optic foramen

entral Root
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve III

The Occulomotor
Nerve
Mainly motor
_ye Movement
Superior orbital
fissure
Cranial Nerve III

The Occulomotor
Nerve
Mainly motor
_ye Movement
Superior orbital
fissure
Detail on Occulomotor ÖIII) Function:

:Motor to all extra-ocular muscles except lateral

rectus and superior oblique.

:arasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae

and ciliaris muscles (synapse in ciliary ganglion).

:Sympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae and

ciliaris muscles. Fibers originate in upper thoracic
levels, synapse in cervical ganglia, get to orbit via
associated arteries.
Opthalmic nerve pathways
Cranial Nerve IV

The Trochlear
Nerve
Mainly motor
Superior oblique
Superior orbital
fissure
 Cranial Nerve IV

Superior oblique
Cranial Nerve VI
The Abducens
Nerve

Mainly motor
Lateral rectus
Superior orbital
fissure
 Cranial Nerve VI

Lateral rectus
 °

°°   
°  °
°° 

V1
III 1
Opth. a.
IV
VI
Opthalmic V2
v.

°phenoid/ anterior view of orbital surface and sutures with

frontal, ethmoid and palatine bones/ cranial nerves indicated
Cranial Nerve XII
The Hypoglossal
Nerve
Mainly Motor
Tongue

Hypoglossal Canal
 orsal Root
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve V

The Trigeminal
Nerve
Both

1= ophthalmic

2 = maxillary

3 = mandibular
Cranial Nerve V1
Ophthalmic
division

Sensory

Superior orbital
fissure
Opthalmic and maxillary
nerve pathways/lateral
view
Opthalmic and maxillary nerve pathwaysÎmedial view of lateral cut away orbit

˜ateral path of efferent parsympathetics from VII to lacrimal

gland following zygomatico-temporal n. V2 to lacrimal n. V3
Cranial Nerve V1
Ophthalmic
division

Sensory

Superior orbital
fissure
Detail on Ophthalmic ÖV-1) Function:

: Almost wholly sensory: eyeball, lacrimal gland,

conjunctiva, part of nasal mucosa, from brow ridge
superiorly.

:Carrys a bit of sympathetic fibers for dilator pupillae.

From upper thoracic levels, synapsing in in upper
cervical ganglion. Reaches via branches of internal
carotid artery.
Cranial Nerve V2

Maxillary division

Sensory

Foramen
rotundum
Cranial Nerve V2
Maxillary division

Sensory

Foramen
rotundum
Cranial Nerve V3
Mandibular
division

Both

Foramen ovale
Cranial Nerve V3
Mandibular
division

Both

Foramen ovale

°ensory Component
Detail on @andibular ÖV-3) Function:

: Sensory to lower jaw region, including teeth.

:Motor nerve to muscles of the mandibular arch:

masseter, temporalis, anterior and posterior
pterygoids, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, anterior
digastric, and tensor veli palatini.

:The auriculotemporal branch contains secretomotor

fibers to the parotid gland via the parotid branches.
Cranial Nerve V
Cranial Nerve VII
The Facial Nerve
Both
Motor and sensory
 Cranial Nerve VII
The Facial Nerve
Both motor and sensory
Muscles of facial expression

arasympathetic:
Lacrimal ducts, taste, salivary glands
 Cranial Nerve VII
The Facial Nerve

a Temporal

b ygomatic

c Buccal

d Mandibular

e Cervical
Cranial Nerve VII
_nter skull via
internal auditory
meatus
Cranial Nerve VII
_xit skull via
stylomastoid
foramen
 Cranial Nerve VII

a Temporal

b Zygomatic

c Buccal

d @andibular
e Cervical
Detail on Facial ÖVII) Function:

: Motor to muscles of the hyoid arch: posterior

digastric, mm. of facial expression.

:Sends parasympathetic fibers via greater petrosal

branch and pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland
(secretomotor fibers).

: t may also supply parasympathetic innervation to

palatine, pharyngeal, and nasal glands.
An _volutionary Branch of

Cranial Nerve VIII

estibulocochlear
Nerve

Sensory
Hearing
nternal Auditory
Meatus
 Cranial Nerve IX

The
Glossopharyngeal
Nerve

Both
harynx, posterior
tongue
Jugular foramen
 Cranial Nerve IX
The
Glossopharyngeal
Nerve
Both
harynx, posterior
tongue
Jugular foramen
Detail on Ñlossopharyngeal ÖIX) Function:

:Motor to stylopharyngeus muscle.

:arasympathetic secretomotor fibers to parotid

gland.

:Sensory to pharynx, tonsils, and posterior Î3 of

tongue.

:Taste fibers for posterior Î3 of tongue.

Cranial Nerve X
The
agus Nerve
Both
Throat to end of
midgut

Jugular foramen
Cranial Nerve X
The
agus Nerve
Both
Throat to end of
midgut

Jugular foramen
An _volutionary Branch of 
 Cranial Nerve XI
The Accessory Nerve
Mainly Motor
larynx, pharynx,
trapezius and
sternocleidomastoid

Foramen Magnum
Names
v Olfactory
vv Optic
vvv Occulomotor
v Trochlear
Trigeminal
v Abducens
vv Facial
vvv Vestibulochochlar
v
Ñlossopharyngeal

Vagus

v Accessory

vv ÷ypoglossal
@otor, sensory, or
both
v °p. °ense °ensory
vv °p. °ense °ensory
vvv Ventral Rt. @ainly motor
v Ventral Rt. @ainly motor
Dorsal Rt. Both
v Ventral Rt. @ainly motor
vv Dorsal Rt. Both
vvv °p. °ense °ensory
v
Dorsal Rt. Both

Dorsal Rt. Both

v Dorsal Rt. @ainly motor

vv Ventral Rt. @ainly motor
Koute
v ° N°ORY Cribriform
plate
vv ° N°ORY Optic
Canal
vvv @AIN˜Y °uperior
@OTOR orbital
fissure
v @AIN˜Y °uperior
@OTOR orbital
fissure
BOT÷ °uperior
orbital
fissure
v @AIN˜Y °uperior
@OTOR orbital
fissure
vvv @AIN˜Y °uperior
@OTOR orbital
fissure
v @AIN˜Y °uperior
@OTOR orbital
fissure
BOT÷ °uperior
orbital
fissure
v @AIN˜Y °uperior
@OTOR orbital
fissure
vvv @AIN˜Y @OTOR °uperior
orbital
fissure
v @AIN˜Y @OTOR °uperior
orbital
fissure
BOT÷ V1 :°uperior
orbital
fissure
V2 :Foramen
Rotundum
V3 :Foramen
Ovale
v @AIN˜Y @OTOR °uperior
orbital
fissure
vv BOT÷ Internal
Auditory
meatus

vvv ° N°ORY Internal

Auditory
meatus
vv B :Internal
Auditory
meatus
: xits through
stylomastoid
foramen
vvv ° N°ORY Internal
Auditory
meatus
v
BOT÷
ugular
foramen

BOT÷
ugular
foramen

v @AIN˜Y Foramen
@OTOR @agnum

vv @AIN˜Y ÷ypoglossal
@OTOR Canal
 Äunctional
Summary

(Note other details)

I O˜FACTORY ° N°ORY CRIBRIFOR@ °@ ˜˜
P˜AT
vv OPTIC ° N°ORY OPTIC Vision
CANA˜
vvv OCCU˜O@OTOR @AIN˜Y °UP RIOR Focusing
@OTOR ORBITA˜
FI°°UR
v TROC÷˜ AR @AIN˜Y °UP RIOR °uperior
@OTOR ORBITA˜ obliques
FI°°UR
TRIÑ @INA˜ BOT÷ °UP RIOR Ophthalmic,
ORBITA˜
FI°°UR

FORA@ N maxillary,
OVA˜

FORA@ N mandibular
ROTUNDU@
VI ABDUC N° @AIN˜Y °UP RIOR ˜ateral rectus
@OTOR ORBITA˜
FI°°UR
vv FACIA˜ BOT÷ INT RNA˜ Temporal
AUDITORY
@ ATU° Zygomatic

XIT° Buccal
T÷ROUÑ÷
°TY˜O-
@A°TOID @andibular
FORA@ N
Cervical
vvv AUDITORY ° N°ORY INT RNA˜ ÷earing
AUDITORY
@ ATU°
v
јO°°O BOT÷
UÑU˜AR Taste, saliva,
P÷ARYNÑ A˜ FORA@ N throat

VAÑU° BOT÷
UÑU˜AR @otor and °ensory.
FORA@ N Parasympathetic
from throat to end of
midgut

v ACC °°ORY @AIN˜Y FORA@ N Trapezius,
@OTOR @AÑNU@ sterno-
cleidomastoid,
throat

vv ÷YPOјO°°A˜ @AIN˜Y ÷YPOјO°°A˜ Tongue
@OTOR CANA˜ and
throat
eninges (ll from eural Crest)

utermost: Dura mater

iddle: Arachnoid mater
eepest: Pia mater

Cerebrospinal fluid between

rachnoid and Pia mater
eninges: Dura mater
ural
eflections
Äalx cerebri

Tentorium
cerebelli
£asculature: £enus Sinuses
£asculature: £enus Sinuses
£asculature: £enus Sinuses
£asculature:
rterial Supply
£asculature: rterial Supply
uscle and
erve
Stuff«
aw oving usculature:
aw pening usculature: iagastric uscle
nterior belly ± innervated by andibular (£ ) nerve
Posterior belly ± innervated by Äacial (£) nerve
ote! Stylohyoid, styloglossus, tongue muscles in general.
Superficial
Äacial
uscles (all
innervated by
£)
Some
muscles of
mastication
(nnervated
by £ )

eeper Äacial
uscles (ll
innervated by
£)
Tongue: Surface
xtrenisc and ntrensic Tongue uscles