K Mahesh
RCEW, Pasupula (V), Nandikotkur Road,
Near Venkayapalli, KURNOOL
Syllabi
• Introduction to PHP: The problem with other
Technologies ( Servelets and JSP),
• Downloading, installing, configuring PHP,
Programming in a Web environment and the
anatomy of a PHP Page.
• Overview of PHP Data types and Concepts: Variables
and data types, Operators, Expressions and
Statements, Strings, Arrays and Functions.
• PHP Advanced Concepts: Using Cookies, Using HTTP
Headers, Using Sessions, Authenticating users, Using
Environment and Configuration variables, Working
with Date and Time.
PHP Arrays
• An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
• An array can hold many values under a single name,
and access the values by referring to an index
number.
• In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array.
• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
– Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
– Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
– Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more
arrays
The count()
• The count() function is used to return the length (the
number of elements) of an array.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo count($cars);
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Indexed Arrays
• There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
– The index can be assigned automatically (index
always starts at 0)
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
– or the index can be assigned manually
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
<!DOCTYPE html> <!DOCTYPE html>
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php <?php
$cars = array(11,22,33,44,55); $cars = array(11,22,33,44,55);
foreach($cars as $i) for($i=0;$i<count($cars);$i++)
echo "$i","</br>"; echo "cars[$i] = $cars[$i]","</br>";
?> ?>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>
PHP Associative Arrays
• Associative arrays are arrays that use named
keys that you assign to them.
• There are two ways to create an associative
array
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
• Or
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT
Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
PHP Multidimensional Arrays
• A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
• PHP supports multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five,
or more levels deep.
• However, arrays more than three levels deep are hard to manage.
• The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices need to
select an element.
– For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to select an element
– For a three-dimensional array you need three indices to select an element
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].".<br>";
echo $cars[1][0].": In stock: ".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1][2].".<br>";
echo $cars[2][0].": In stock: ".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2][2].".<br>";
echo $cars[3][0].": In stock: ".$cars[3][1].", sold: ".$cars[3][2].".<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13), OUTPUT
array("Saab",5,2), Row number 0
array("Land Rover",17,15) Volvo
); 22
18
for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) { Row number 1
echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>"; BMW
echo "<ul>"; 15
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) { 13
echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>"; Row number 2
} Saab
echo "</ul>"; 5
} 2
?> Row number 3
Land Rover
</body> 17
</html> 15
PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
• rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
• asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending
order, according to the value
• ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending
order, according to the key
• arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending
order, according to the value
• krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending
order, according to the key
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
rsort($cars);
$clength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $clength; $x++) {
echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>
OUTPUT
</body> Volvo
</html> Toyota
BMW
Previous Questions on Array
• Write a PHP script to sort the elements in
descending order of an array
PHP - Functions
• PHP Built-in Functions
– PHP has over 1000 built-in functions that can be called directly, from
within a script, to perform a specific task.
• PHP User Defined Functions
– A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a
program.
– A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
– A function will be executed by a call to the function.
• A user-defined function declaration starts with the
word function
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg();
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Function Arguments
• Information can be passed to functions through
arguments. An argument is just like a variable.
• Arguments are specified after the function name,
inside the parentheses. You can add as many
arguments as you want, just separate them with a
<!DOCTYPE html>
comma. <html>
<body>
<?php
function printName($fname,$lname) {
echo "$fname $lname<br>";
}
printName("mahesh","k");
printName("aaa","bb");
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Function Arguments
• PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it will return 10
?>
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is enabled and "5 days" is not an integer, an error will be thrown
?>
PHP Default Argument Value
• If we call the function without arguments it takes the
default value as argument.
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function setHeight(int $minheight = 50) {
echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight(); OUTPUT
?> The height is : 350
The height is : 50
</body>
</html>
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function sum(int $x=5, int $y=10) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum() . "<br>";
echo "13 + 10 = " . sum(13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2,4);
?>
</body>
</html> OUTPUT
5 + 10 = 15
13 + 10 = 23
2+4=6
PHP Functions - Returning values
• use the return statement
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function sum(int $x, int $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5,10) . "<br>";
echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7,13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2,4);
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Return Type Declarations
• To declare a type for the function return, add a colon ( : ) and the type
right before the opening curly ( { )bracket when declaring the function.
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
OR
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : int {
return (int)($a + $b);
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
Passing Arguments by Reference
• function argument is passed by reference, changes to the argument
also change the variable that was passed in.
• To turn a function argument into a reference, the & operator is used:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function add_five(&$value) {
$value += 5;
}
$num = 2;
add_five($num);
echo $num;
?>
</body> OUTPUT
</html> 7
