Fresher Training Program

Relational Database Management

System

Nguyen Minh Tien

© FPT SOFTWARE – TRAINING MATERIAL – Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/4
 Contents
 DDL statements
 DML statements

© FPT SOFTWARE – TRAINING MATERIAL – Internal use 04e-BM/NS/HDCV/FSOFT v2/4

 Learning approach
 The following are strongly suggested for a better
learning and understanding of this course:
 Noting down the key concepts in the class
 Analyze all the examples / code snippets provided
 Study and understand the self study topics
 Completion and submission of all the assignments, on time
 Completion of the self review questions in the lab guide
 Study and understand all the artifacts including the reference
materials / e-learning / supplementary materials specified
 Completion of the project (if application for this course) on time
inclusive of individual and group activities
 Taking part in the self assessment activities
 Participation in the doubt clearing sessions

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 SQL – Structure Query Language
 SQL is a language that all commercial RDBMS
implementations understand.
 SQL is a non-procedural language

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 Data Types
 String data
 CHAR(n) – string type with fixed length include n characters
(maximum 2000 bytes).
 VARCHAR2(n) – string type with changeable length include
n characters (maximum 4000 bytes).
 LONG – string with changeable length, maximum 4GB (only
one column in a table).
 Numeric data
 NUMBER(p,q) – kiểu số có p ký số và q số lẻ.
 INTEGER(p) – kiểu số nguyên có p ký số.

 Date-time data
 DATE – datetime type with fixed length in dd-mm-yy format

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 Constants/Literals
 ANSI standard defines format for literals
 Numeric: 21, -32, $0.75,1.2E4
 String: enclosed within ‘ …’
 Date : 12-mar-03*

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 Comparision Conditions

Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to
BETWEEN …AND… Between two values (inclusive)
IN (set) Match any of a list of values
LIKE Match a character pattern
IS NULL Is a null value

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 Logical Conditions

Operator Meaning

AND Returns TRUE if both component

conditions are true
OR Returns TRUE if either component
condition is true
NOT Returns TRUE if the following condition is
false

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 NULL
 Missing/unknown/inapplicable data
represented as a null value
 NULL is not a data value. It is just an indicator
that the value is unknown

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 Statements
 DDL: Data definition language (CREATE,
ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE)
 DML: Data manipulation language (SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
 DCL: Data control language (COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, SET TRANSACTION, GRANT,
REVOKE)

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 SQL – DDL
Data Definition Language

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 CREATE TABLE

 CREATE TABLE used to create structure of

table.

 Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table name>
(<column_definition>, …
[<table_constraint_definition>]);

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 CREATE TABLE

 Steps of creating a table

 Step 1. Define data column.
 Step 2. Column may contain NULL value??.
 Step 3. Define columns has unique data (candidate key).
 Step 4. Define primay key – foreign key.
 Step 5. Define default values.
 Step 6. Define constraint.
 Step 7. Create table & index.

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 CREATE TABLE – CHECK constraint
 CHECK constraint: used to specify constraint
conditions to data. Whenever data changed
(INSERT, UPDATE), these constraints are used
to verify regular data.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
CHECK (điều_kiện)

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 CREATE TABLE – PRIMARY constraint
 PRIMARY constraint: used to specify primary
key of table.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
PRIMARY KEY [(danh_sách_cột)]

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 CREATE TABLE – UNIQUE constraint
 UNIQUE constraint: used to define candidate
keys for the table.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
UNIQUE [(danh_sách_cột)]

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 CREATE TABLE – FOREIGN
 FOREIGN constraint: used to define relationships
between tables in the database.

 Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT tên_ràng_buộc]
FOREIGN KEY [(danh_sách_cột)]
REFERENCES tên_bảng_tham_chiếu(danh_sách_cột_tham_chiếu)
[ON DELETE CASCADE | NO ACTION | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT]
[ON UPDATE CASCADE | NO ACTION | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT]

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 CREATE TABLE - Exp
CREATE TABLE lop
(
malop NVARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
tenlop NVARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
khoa SMALLINT NULL,
hedaotao NVARCHAR(25) NULL,
namnhaphoc INT NULL,
makhoa NVARCHAR(5),
CONSTRAINT pk_lop PRIMARY KEY (malop),
CONSTRAINT unique_lop_tenlop UNIQUE(tenlop)
)

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 ALTER TABLE

 ALTER TABLE
 ALTER TABLE is used to change table structure:
add/remove/update/change columns and constraints

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <Table_Name> ALTER COLUMN [<Column_name>
<New_data_type>]| ADD [<Column_name> <Data_Type>]
| DROP COLUMN [<Column _Name>]
With
<Table_Name> table name should be changed
<ALTER COLUMN> change column
<Column_Name> column name need to add, change or remove
<New_data_type> date type changed to column.
ADD add new column to table.
DROP COLUMN remove column from table.
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 ALTER TABLE - Exp
CREATE TABLE nhanvien
(
manv NVARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
hoten NVARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
ngaysinh DATETIME,
diachi CHAR(30) NOT NULL
)

ALTER TABLE nhanvien

ADD
dienthoai NVARCHAR(6)
CONSTRAINT chk_nhanvien_dienthoai
CHECK (dienthoai LIKE '[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]')

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 DROP TABLE
 DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE statement is used to delete a table
from DB, all relevant objects are removed: indexes,
Triggers, Constraints.

Syntax:
DROP TABLE <Table_Name>

With,
<Table_Name> table name removed

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 DROP TABLE - Exp
 Remove constraint firstly
ALTER TABLE nhanvien
DROP CONSTRAINT fk_nhanvien_madv

 Remove table:
DROP TABLE donvi

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 SQL – DML
Data Manipulation Language

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 Data Manipulation Language - DML
 DML includes the following statements: SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, used to manipulate data in
the database.
 DML’s statements:
SELECT statement
INSERT statement
UPDATE statement
DELETE statement

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 INSERT
 Syntax:
INSERT INTO tablename VALUES (value list)
Exp:
 Single-row insert
INSERT INTO Sinhvien VALUES(‘SV3’,’SUP3’,’BLORE’,10)
 Inserting one row, many columns at a time
INSERT INTO Sinhvien (MaSV, Hoten) VALUES (‘SV3’, ‘Smith’);
 Inserting many rows, all/some columns at a time.
INSERT INTO luusinhvien
SELECT hodem,ten,ngaysinh
FROM sinhvien
WHERE noisinh like ‘%Huế%’

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 Specify column name in INSERT
 Must specify column’s name in INSERT
statement

 INSERT INTO Table_A (Col1, Col2, Col3)

VALUES (‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’)

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 UPDATE
 Syntax:
UPDATE tablename SET column_name =value
[ WHERE condition]

Exp:
UPDATE S SET CITY = ‘KANPUR’ WHERE SNO=‘S1’
UPDATE EMP SET SAL = 1.10 * SAL

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 Use CASE in UPDATE statement

UPDATE nhatkyphong
SET tienphong=songay*CASE
WHEN loaiphong='A' THEN 100
WHEN loaiphong='B' THEN 70
ELSE 50
END

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 UPDATE data from tables

UPDATE nhatkybanhang
SET thanhtien = soluong*gia
FROM mathang
WHERE mathang.mahang
=(SELECT mathang.mahang
FROM mathang
WHERE mathang.mahang
= nhatkybanhang.mahang)

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 DELETE
 Syntax:
DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition

Exp:
 DELETE FROM SP WHERE PNO= ‘P1’

 DELETE FROM SP

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 Use sub-query in DELETE

DELETE FROM sinhvien

FROM lop
WHERE lop.malop=sinhvien.malop AND
tenlop='Tin K24'

DELETE FROM lop

WHERE malop NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT malop
FROM sinhvien)

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 Delete all data

DELETE FROM diemthi

Or

TRUNCATE TABLE diemthi

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 SELECT
 Syntax:
SELECT [ALL/DISTINCT] <Column name1>, <Column name2>,
…
FROM <Table name>
[WHERE <Search condition>]
[GROUP BY grouping columns]
[HAVING search condition]
[ORDER BY sort specification]

Exp:
SELECT SNAME, CITY FROM S

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 Change column title

SELECT 'Mã lớp'= malop,tenlop 'Tên lớp',

khoa AS 'Khoá'
FROM lop

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 Use CASE structure in SELECT
 Syntax:
CASE biểu_thức
WHEN biểu_thức_kiểm_tra THEN kết_quả
[ ... ]
[ELSE kết_quả_của_else]
END

SELECT masv,hodem,ten,
CASE gioitinh
WHEN 1 THEN 'Nam'
ELSE 'Nữ'
END AS gioitinh
FROM sinhvien
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 Using constant & Expression

SELECT tenmonhoc,'Số tiết: ',sodvht*15 AS sotiet

FROM monhoc

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 DISTINCT & TOP
 SELECT DISTINCT khoa FROM lop

 SELECT TOP 5 hodem,ten,ngaysinh

FROM sinhvien

 SELECT TOP 10 PERCENT hodem,ten,ngaysinh

FROM sinhvien

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 IN and NOT IN

SELECT * FROM monhoc

WHERE sodvht=2 OR sodvht=4 OR sodvht=5

May be replaced by:

SELECT * FROM monhoc

WHERE sodvht IN (2,4,5)

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 LIKE and NOT LIKE

Wildcard Description Example

Nó sẽ hiển thị một ký tự đơn. SELECT * FROM Person.Contact

_ WHERE Suffix LIKE ‘Jr_’
Nó sẽ hiển thị một chuổi với chiều dài SELECT * FROM
% bất kỳ. Person.ContactWHERE LastName
LIKE ‘B%’
Nó sẽ hiển thị một ký tự đơn trong SELECT * FROM
[] phạm vi khoảng được bao đóng trong Sales.CurrencyRate
cặp ngoặc vuông WHERE ToCurrencyCode LIKE
‘C[AN][DY]’
Sẽ hiển thị bất kỳ ký tự đơn nào SELECT * FROM
[^] không có trong khoảng của cặp Sales.CurrencyRate
ngoặc vuông .
WHERE ToCurrencyCode LIKE
‘A[^R][^S]’

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 LIKE and NOT LIKE

SELECT hodem,ten FROM sinhvien

WHERE hodem LIKE 'Lê%'
AND ten LIKE '[AB]%'

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 Create new table from SELECT

SELECT hodem,ten,YEAR(GETDATE())-
YEAR(ngaysinh) AS tuoi
INTO tuoisv
FROM sinhvien

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 Specify data existing in a table
 Do not use COUNT(*) to specify a table has
data or not:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Table_A

 Must use:
SELECT TOP 1 FROM Table_A

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 Sorting
 Syntax:
SELECT COL1,COL2,.......
FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE <SEARCHCONDITION>
ORDER BY COL-NAME [DESC]
Example:
SELECT CITY,COLOR,WEIGHT
FROM P
WHEREWEIGHT IN (12,17)
ORDER BY 1 DESC, 2

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 UNION
 UNION is used to add data from many tables
into one table
 Syntax:
UNION [ALL] Câu_lệnh_2
[UNION [ALL] Câu_lệnh_3]
...
[UNION [ALL] Câu_lệnh_n]
[ORDER BY cột_sắp_xếp]
[COMPUTE danh_sách_hàm_gộp [BY danh_sách_cột]]

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 INTERSECT
 INTERSECT operator return all rows that are
common to multiple queries
 The number of columns and the data types of
the columns in the queries must be identical in
all the SELECT statements used in the query.
 Reversing the order of the intersected tables
does not alter the result
 INTERSECT does not ignore NULL values

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 INTERSECT
 Display the employee IDs and job IDs of those employees
who currently have a job title that is the same as their job
title when they were initially hired (that is, they changed
jobs but have now gone back to doing their original job)

SELECT employee_id, job_id

FROM employees
INTERSECT
SELECT employee_id, job_id
FROM job_history;

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 MINUS
 MINUS operator returns rows returned by the first
query that are not present in the second query
 The number of columns and the data types of the
columns being selected by the SELECT statements in
the queries must be identical in all the SELECT
statements used in the query.
 All of the columns in the WHERE clause must be in the
SELECT clause for the MINUS operator to work

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 MINUS
 Display the employee IDs of those employees
who have not changed their jobs even once

SELECT employee_id, job_id

FROM employees
MINUS
SELECT employee_id, job_id
FROM job_history;

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 JOIN

 Inner join
 Cross join

 Outer join

 Left-outer join
 Right-outer join
 Self join

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 INNER JOIN
 Common type of join
 Combines records from two tables with
matching values on a column.
 Example:
SELECT hodem,ten,ngaysinh
FROM sinhvien INNER JOIN lop
ON sinhvien.malop=lop.malop
WHERE tenlop='Tin K24'

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 OUTER JOIN
 LEFT OUTER JOIN:
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id=d.department_id);

 This query retrieves all rows in the EMPLOYEES table,

which is left table even if there is no match in the
DEPARTMENTS table

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 OUTER JOIN
 RIGHT OUTER JOIN
SELECT e.last_name, d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id=d.department_id;

 This query retrieves all rows in the DEPARTMENTS

table, which is the right table even if there is no match
in the EMPLOYEES table

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 OUTER JOIN (3)
 FULL OUTER JOIN:
SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id,
d.department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id=d.department_id);
 This query retrieves all rows in the EMPLOYEES table,
even if there is no match in the DEPARTMENTS table.
It also retrieves all rows in the DEPARTMENTS table,
even if there is no match in the EMPLOYEES table

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 SELF JOIN

SELECT FIRST.SNO, SECOND.SNO

FROM S FIRST,
S SECOND
WHERE FIRST.CITY=SECOND.CITY

Get all pairs of SNO who are co-located

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 CROSS JOIN
 A join without any conditions is called a
Cartesian product
 It will be a collection of all possible
combinations of rows from the tables involved
 Practically of little use
 Just included for conceptual completeness
 Example:
SELECT Hocvien.MaHV, Lop.Malop FROM
Hocvien H, Lop P;
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 Aggregate functions
 Used when information you want to extract
from a table has to do with the data in the
entire table taken as a set.
 Aggregate functions are used in place of
column names in the SELECT statement
 The aggregate functions in SQL are: SUM(),
AVG(), MAX(), MIN(), COUNT()

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 Types Of Group function
Function Description
AVG([DISTINCT|ALL]n) Average value of n, ignoring null values
COUNT({*|[DISTINCT|ALL]expr}) Number of rows, where expr evaluates to
something other than null (count all
selected rows using *, including duplicate
and rows with nulls)

MAX ([DISTINCT|ALL]expr) Maximum value of expr, ignoring null

values

MIN([DISTINCT|ALL]expr) Minimum value of expr, ignoring null values

SUM([DISTINCT|ALL]n) Sum values of n, ignoring null values

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 SUM function
 Adds up the values in the specified column
 Column must be numeric data type
 Value of the sum must be within the range of
that data type

 Example:
SELECT SUM (QTY)
FROM SP
WHERE PNO=‘P2’

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 AVG function
 Returns the average of all the values in the
specified column
 Column must be numeric data type

 Example:
SELECT AVG(QTY)
FROM SP
WHERE SNO=‘S1’

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 MAX function
 Returns the largest value that occurs in the
specified column
 Column need not be numeric type

 Example:
SELECT MAX(QTY)
FROM SP
WHERE SNO =‘S1’

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 MIN function
 Returns the smallest value that occurs in the
specified column
 Column need not be numeric type

 Example:
SELECT MIN(QTY) FROM SP
WHERE SNO=‘S1’

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 COUNT function
 Returns the number of rows in the table
 Example:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM S

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 GROUP BY
 Related rows can be grouped together by
GROUP BY clause by specifying a column as a
grouping column.
 GROUP BY is associated with an aggregate
function
 Example: For each part supplied get the part
number and the total shipment quantity
 Example:
SELECT PNO, SUM(QTY) FROM SP GROUP BY PNO

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 HAVING
 Used to specify condition on group
 Example:
SELECT SNO , COUNT(*) FROM SP
GROUP BY SNO
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2

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 Independent sub-queries
 Inner query is independent of outer query.
 Inner query is executed first and the results
are stored.
 Outer query then runs on the stored results.

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 Using sub-queries

SELECT SNAME
FROM S
WHERE SNO IN
(SELECT SNO
FROM SP
WHERE PNO =‘P2’)

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 Using sub-queries (2)

SELECT SNO
FROM S
WHERE STATUS <
(SELECT STATUS
FROM S
WHERE SNO=‘S1’)

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 Using sub-queries (3)

SELECT SNO
FROM S
WHERE STATUS <
(SELECT MAX(STATUS)
FROM S)

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 Using sub-queries (4)

SELECT DISTINCT SNO

FROM SPJ X
WHERE PNO=‘P1’
AND QTY> (SELECT AVG(QTY)
FROM SPJ Y
WHERE PNO=‘P1’
AND X.JNO=Y.JNO)

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 EXIST and NOT EXIST
 Used in sub-query
SELECT hodem,ten
FROM sinhvien JOIN lop on sinhvien.malop=lop.malop
WHERE tenlop='Tin K25' AND
year(ngaysinh)IN(SELECT year(ngaysinh)
FROM sinhvien JOIN lop
ON sinhvien.malop=lop.malop
WHERE lop.tenlop='Toán K25')

SELECT hodem,ten
FROM sinhvien
WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT masv FROM diemthi
WHERE diemthi.masv=sinhvien.masv)

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 Q&A

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