CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY

LIDIYA ZAHRA BT ABD RAZAK

IBNU KHALDUN 2
 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY ?
• The organism living in a habitat have specific characteristics that enable
them to adapt to their surrounding and climate to their survival .
• Biodiversity is defined as the variety of living things interacting with one
another in an area such as land , sea or other habitat .
• There are various type of habitats and climate on earth because of this
organisms that + living on one habitat have different characteristics from
organism living in another habitat .
• This enables organisms wich adapt to their habitat conditions and climate
to survive and reproduce new species or biordiversity .
ENDEMIC
SPECIES
Endemism is the state of a
ENDANGER
species being nativate to a
single defined geographic
location , such an island , state ,
ED SPECIES
country , nation or other
defined zone ; organisms that An endangered species is a species
are indigenous to a place are that is very likely to become extinct
not endemic to it if they are also in the near future , either
found alsewhere . worldwide or in a particular political
jurisdiction . Endangered species
may be at risk due to factor such as
habitat loss poaching and invasive
species .
 SPECIES
ENDEMIC SPECIES ENDANGERED SPECIES
 HOMEOTHERMIC
• Homeorthemic species maintain a stable body temperature by
regulating metabolic processes . The only known living homeotherms
are birds and mammals .

• Definition of hemothermic is having a relatively uniform body

temperature maintained nearly independent of he environmental
temperature .
 POIKILOTHERMIC
• Is an organism (such as a frog) with a variable body temperature that
tends to fluctuate with and is similar to or slightly higher than the
temperature of itd environment .

• Animals that are pokilothermic have body temperatures that changes

with the temperature around them .
 DICHOTOMOUS KEY
• Dichotomous Key is a key that classifies a group of
objects such as living organisms into two smaller groups
such as animal and plants each stage .

• For each given group of organism , more than one

dichotomous key can be constructed to classify it .
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
 HABITAT
• Habitat is a place where an organism or a community of organisms
lives , including all living and non-living factors of conditions of the
surrounding environment . A host organism inhabited by parasites is
as much a habitat as a terrestrial place such as grove of trees or an
aquatic locality such as a small pond .

• Two main types of habitat are water and land

 MAMMALS
• Mammals include humans and all other animals that are warm-blooded
vertebrates (vertebrates have backbones). They feed their young with milk and
have a more well-developed brain than.

• Some characteristic of mammals is Homeothermic that able to constant body

temperature that does not change with the surrounding temperature, body
covered by hair or fur, breath through lungs , reproduce by internal fertilization,
give birth to their young except for the playtypus and anteater which lay eggs and
female mammals have mammary glands for their young to suckle
 REPTILES
•Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates covered in special skin made up of
scales, bony plates, or a combination of both. They include crocodiles,
snakes, lizards, turtles, and tor- toises. All regularly shed the outer layer of
their skin. Their metabolism depends on the temperature of their
environment.

Characteristic of reptiles are Poikilothermic that is body temperature

change with the surrounding temperature and unable to maintain
constant body temperature,body covered in though skin or dry scale,
breath through lungs, reproduce by internal fertilisation and more reptiles
produce shelled eggs.
 FISH
Common characteristic of fish are Poikilothermic , body covered with
slimiy and hard scales, breath through gills , reproduce external
fertilization , most of fish lay eggs that do not have a hard shell and the
last is have fins and tail for swimming.
 BIRDS
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class
Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of
hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a
strong yet lightweight skeleton, Homeothermic,, breathe through lungs,
reproduce by internal fertilisation , and have beak to feed and wings for
flying.
 AMPHIBIANS
• Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist
environment, to survive. The species in this group include frogs, toads,
salamanders, and newts. Amphibians also have special skin glands that
produce useful proteins.

• Amphibians also have the following common characteristic that are

Poikilothermic, body covered with moist and smooth skin, breath
through gills when young , breath through lungs and moist skin when
adult , reproduce by external fertilisation , produce jelly-like eggs that
do not have shell and can live on land or in water
Balance in nature WHY Ecological resources
BIODIVERSITY IS
SO IMPORTANT ?
Medical Biotechnology

Raw materials for industries Sources of food

Place of recreation and ecotourism

 ENDEMIC SPECIES IN
MALAYSIA

NAME :
Malayan NAME : NAME :
Whistling Malayan Tiger Malayan Tapir
Thrush SPESIFIC SPESIFIC
SPESIFIC NAME : NAME :
NAME : Panthera Tigris Acrocodia
Myophonus Jacksoni Indica
ENDEMIC SPECIES (ANIMALS)
NAME OF ANIMALS SCIENTIFIC NAME COUNTRY OF ORIGN

Hawaiian Carduelinae Hawaii

Honeycreeper

Formosan Rock Macaca Cyclopis Taiwan

Macaque

Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus Philippine

Mindorensis
ENDEMIC SPECIES (PLANTS)
NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COUNTRY OD ORIGN

Aglaia Ceramica Aglaia Ceramica Indonesia

Agropyron Cristatum Agropyron Cristatum United State and

Canada

Picconia Azorica Picconia Azorica Portuguese

 NAME OF INSTITUTE :
NAME OF INSTITUTE : CONSERVATION
Sepilok Orangutan
Endau-Rompin Forest INSTITUTE FOR Rehabilitation Centre in
Complex ENDANGERED Sabah
SPECIES IN
LOCATION l LOCATION :
Johor and Pahang Peninsul at
MALAYSIA
Malaysian Sabah District of
Malaysia North Borneo

NAME OF INSTITUTE :
Belum Temenggor

LOCATION :
Perak (Hulu Perak)
 INSTINCT SPECIES

Eurasian Cave Lion Laughing owl

Scientific name: Sceloglaux albifacies

Scientific name: Panthera spelaean
Country of Origin: New Zealand
Country of Origin: Europe Laughing owl extinct because humans hunted
European Lions became extinct due to the owl for museums and zoos. Land changes
excessive hunting (sport of lion hunting was might have played a role as well in the
very popular among Greeks and Romans), extinction of these birds.
competition with feral dogs and over-
exploitation.
 Camelops

Scientific Name: Camelops hesternus

Country of Origin: Western North America
The camelops become extinct because other camels in the world survived
to present-day, but Camelops hesternus and other North American
camels died off around the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
 Controlling wildlife
Enforce the law
hunting

HOW TO PREVENT
Herbicides and ENDEMIC SPECIES FROM Never purchase
pesticides are THREAT OF EXTINCTION products made
hazardous from endangered
pollutants that species like ivory ,
effect wildlife at roral , and tortoise
many levels shell
Report any
harrastment of
threatened and
endangered species
 Logging activities can improve our economy. However, if this
activities is done without control, it can have a negative impact on
biodiversity. Do you agree with this opinion and explain your reason.

Yes, I agree with this opinion because logging activities

will be impacts the environment that is removal of
trees from the forest, and logging operations. If we
removed the trees, it will effect to the species habitat
and can cause nutrient depletion so that all the plant in
the forest will die without an enough nutrient
 Whale is the largest animals in the whole world that lives in the
ocean while bat is a small animal that is able to fly. While
classifying vertebrates, Ismadi placed whale in a group of fish and
bat in the group of birds.
Do you agree with Ismadi? Give your reason

No, I am not agree with Ismadi because whale and

bat is a mammal. Both of them are warm blooded.
Whales also actually breathe air with lungs using
their blowholes to breath out while bats give birth
to live young bats, nurse their babies and they also
have hair.
THANK YOU