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Laser and Fibre Optics

The document discusses lasers and fibre optics. It covers the characteristics of lasers including population of energy levels and Einstein's coefficients. It then discusses the components of a laser including the optical resonator. The document focuses on semiconductor lasers, including the basics of semiconductors and how homojunction and heterojunction semiconductor lasers work. Homojunction lasers have advantages like low cost but disadvantages like low power output. Heterojunction lasers offer higher power output but are more difficult and costly to produce. Both laser types have applications in areas like data storage, fiber optics, and printing.

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Anto Pradeep
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70 views25 pages

Laser and Fibre Optics

The document discusses lasers and fibre optics. It covers the characteristics of lasers including population of energy levels and Einstein's coefficients. It then discusses the components of a laser including the optical resonator. The document focuses on semiconductor lasers, including the basics of semiconductors and how homojunction and heterojunction semiconductor lasers work. Homojunction lasers have advantages like low cost but disadvantages like low power output. Heterojunction lasers offer higher power output but are more difficult and costly to produce. Both laser types have applications in areas like data storage, fiber optics, and printing.

Uploaded by

Anto Pradeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

LASER AND FIBRE

OPTICS
LECTURE 3
TOPICS COVERED

Characteristics of Laser

Population of Energy Levels – Boltzmann Distribution Law

Einstein’s A & B Coefficients - Derivation

Components of Laser - Optical Resonator

Optical Amplification

Semiconductor Basics
WHAT IS FOR TODAY?

Semiconductor Lasers

Engineering Applications of Laser – Data Storage


SEMICONDUCTOR LASER

1. Homojunction semiconductor laser

2. Heterojunction semiconductor laser


SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS

Conduction band
Intrinsic
Energy bandgap, Eg
semiconductor

Valance band

Acceptor Level, EA
Donor Level, ED

Conduction band Conduction band


ED
Extrinsic
semiconductor EA
Valance band Valance band

n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor


SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS

Conduction band Fermi Energy Level, EF


Intrinsic
EF
semiconductor

Valance band

Conduction band Conduction band


ED EF
Extrinsic
semiconductor EF EA
Valance band Valance band

n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor


SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS
Extrinsic semiconductor:

Lightly / Moderately Doped

Conduction band Conduction band


ED EF

EF EA
Valance band Valance band

n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor


SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS
Extrinsic semiconductor:

Heavily Doped

Conduction band Conduction band


EF

EF
Valance band Valance band

n+-type semiconductor p+-type semiconductor


SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS
p-n Junction:

p+-type n+-type

Conduction band Conduction band

Valance band Valance band

p+-type n+-type
SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS
p-n Junction:

- +
p+-type _ + n+-type
_ +

Conduction band

Conduction band

Valance band

Valance band
SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS
p-n Junction:
SEMICONDUCTORS BASICS

p-n junction – Forward biasing condition


HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER
PRINCIPLE

Electron in the conduction band combines with the holes in the


valance band and emit a photon. This photon induces another
electron in the conduction band and stimulate the emission of
coherent photons.
HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER
HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER

No biasing
Forward biasing
HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER
Calculating the laser wavelength

  h𝑐   6.626 × 10−3 4 ×3 × 108


𝜆=
𝐸𝑔
⟹
  𝜆=
1.44 ×1.6 ×10
− 19
=8626 Å
HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER
ADVANTAGES

1. Low cost

2. Highly efficient, powerful and coherent than LED

3. Compact

4. Output can easily modified by controlling the current

5. Less power requirement for operation


HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER
DISADVANTAGES

1. Low power output

2. Not a continuous wave output

3. Larger beam has large divergence

4. Large threshold current density


HOMOJUNCTION SEMICOND.
LASER
APPLICATIONS

1. Bar code reading

2. In writing and reading data in CD / DVD

3. Laser printers

4. Fibre optic communications


HETEROJN. SEMICOND. LASER

PRINCIPLE

Electron in the conduction band combines with the holes in the


valance band and emit a photon. This photon induces another
electron in the conduction band and stimulate the emission of
coherent photons.
HETEROJN. SEMICOND. LASER
HETEROJN. SEMICOND. LASER

p-GaAlAs p-GaAs n-GaAlAs


HETEROJN. SEMICOND. LASER

ADVANTAGES

1. Very narrow beam with high coherence

2. Continuous wave operation

3. High output power

4. Highly stable and longer life


HETEROJN. SEMICOND. LASER

DISADVANTAGES

1. High cost

2. Growing different layers is difficult


HETEROJN. SEMICOND. LASER

APPLICATIONS

1. Holography

2. In writing and reading data in CD / DVD

3. Fibre optic communications

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