MODU L E 6

PREPARED BY:
MS. PRITI RUMAO
CONTENT
• Long-Term Evolution (LTE) of 3GPP : LTE System Overview, Evolution from UMTS to LTE
• LTE/SAE Requirements, SAE Architecture
• EPS: Evolved Packet System, E-UTRAN, Voice over LTE (VoLTE), Introduction to LTE-
Advanced: System Aspects

• LTE Higher Protocol Layers, LTE MAC layer, LTE PHY Layer
• Self Organizing Network (SON-LTE),SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet),
Introduction to 5G
Long-Term Evolution
(LTE) of 3GPP
LTE System Overview
• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and it was started as a project in 2004 by telecommunication body known as the
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). SAE (System Architecture Evolution) is the corresponding evolution of
the GPRS/3G packet core network evolution. The term LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE.

• LTE evolved from an earlier 3GPP system known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which
in turn evolved from the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Even related specifications were formally
known as the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) and evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-
UTRAN). First version of LTE was documented in Release 8 of the 3GPP specifications.

• A rapid increase of mobile data usage and emergence of new applications such as MMOG (Multimedia Online
Gaming), mobile TV, Web 2.0, streaming contents have motivated the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to
work on the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) on the way towards fourth-generation mobile.

• The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio-access technology
supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. Same time its network architecture has been designed with the goal to
support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and great quality of service.
CONT…
• LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000.
• LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance improvement and much better spectral efficiency to cellular
networks.

• LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and 75 Mbps peak uplink. In a 20MHz carrier, data rates
beyond 300Mbps can be achieved under very good signal conditions.

• LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for the services such as voice over IP (VOIP), streaming multimedia,
videoconferencing or even a high-speed cellular modem.

• LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode. In FDD uplink and downlink
transmission used different frequency, while in TDD both uplink and downlink use the same carrier and are separated in Time.

• LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz as well as both FDD and TDD. LTE designed with a
scalable carrier bandwidth from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz which bandwidth is used depends on the frequency band and the
amount of spectrum available with a network operator.

• All LTE devices have to support (MIMO) Multiple Input Multiple Output transmissions, which allow the base station to transmit
several data streams over the same carrier simultaneously.
CONT…

• All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based, including the backhaul connection to the
radio base stations. This is great simplification compared to earlier technologies that were initially based on
E1/T1, ATM and frame relay links, with most of them being narrowband and expensive.

• Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism have been standardized on all interfaces to ensure that the requirement
of voice calls for a constant delay and bandwidth, can still be met when capacity limits are reached.

• Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G spectrum and new spectrum. Supports
hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks.
CONT…
Advantages of LTE:

• High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink as well as uplink. This causes high throughput.
• Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is in range of a few hundred milliseconds and power saving states
can now be entered and exited very quickly.

• FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), both schemes can
be used on same platform.

• Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling for connection establishment and other air interface and mobility
management procedures have further improved the user experience. Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for better user
experience.

• Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.
• Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device. Instead system automatically recognizes
the device, loads new drivers for the hardware if needed, and begins to work with the newly connected device.

• Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture low operating expenditure (OPEX).

Evolution from UMTS to LTE

Fig: Wireless Standard

Evolution
CONT…

Table: Evolution of the

UMTS specifications
CONT…

• Table above summarizes the evolution of the 3GPP UMTS specifications towards LTE. Each release of the
3GPP specifications represents a defined set of features.

• The date given for the functional freeze relates to the date when no further new items can be added to the
release. After this point any further changes to the specifications are restricted to essential corrections. The
commercial launch date of a release depends on the period of time following the functional freeze before the
specifications are considered stable and then implemented into commercial systems.

• For the first release of UMTS the delay between functional freeze and commercial launch was several years,
although the delay for subsequent releases was progressively shorter. The delay between functional freeze
and the first commercial launch for LTE/SAE was remarkably short, being less than a year, although it was two
years before significant numbers of networks started operation.

• After Release 99, 3GPP stopped naming releases with the year and opted for a new scheme starting with
Release 4. This choice was driven by the document version numbering scheme.
CONT…

• Release 4 introduced the 1.28 Mcps narrow band version of W-CDMA, also known as time division synchronous code
division multiple access (TD-SCDMA).

• Following this was Release 5, in which high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) introduced packet-based data services
to UMTS.

• The completion of packet data for UMTS was achieved in Release 6 with the addition of high speed uplink packet access
(HSUPA), although the official term for this technology is enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH). HSDPA and HSUPA are now
known collectively as high speed packet access (HSPA).

• Release 7 contained the first work on LTE/SAE with the completion of feasibility studies, and further improvements were
made to HSPA such as downlink multiple input-multiple output (MIMO), 64QAM on the downlink, and 16QAM on the
uplink.

• In Release 8, HSPA continued to evolve with the addition of numerous smaller features such as dual-carrier HSDPA and
64QAM with MIMO.

• Dual-carrier HSUPA was introduced in Release 9, four-carrier HSDPA in Release 10, and eight-carrier HSDPA in Release 11.
CONT…

Fig: LTE comparison with other mobile communications technologies

LTE/SAE Requirements
LTE / SAE REQUIREMENTS

• The high level requirements for LTE/SAE include:

• reduced cost per bit, better service provisioning, flexible use of new and existing frequency bands, simplified
network architecture with open interfaces, and an allowance for reasonable power consumption by terminals.

• To meet the requirements for LTE, LTE/SAE has been specified to achieve the following:
• Increased downlink and uplink peak data rates, as shown in Table below. These figures represent the physical
limitation of the FDD air interface in ideal radio conditions with allowance for signaling overheads. Lower peak
rates are specified for specific UE categories, and performance requirements under non-ideal radio conditions
have also been developed.

Table: LTE (FDD) downlink and uplink

peak data rate
CONT…
CONT…
CONT…
SAE Architecture
• System architecture evolution (SAE) is a new network architecture designed to simplify LTE networks and establish a flat architecture
similar to other IP based communications networks.

• SAE uses an eNB and access gateway (aGW) and removes the RNC and SGSN from the equivalent 3G network architecture to create a
simpler mobile network.

• This allows the network to be built with an “all-IP” based network architecture. SAE also includes entities to allow full inter-working
with other related wireless technology (WCDMA, wimax, WLAN, etc.).

• These entities can specifically manage and permit the non-3gpp technologies to interface directly with the network and be managed
from within the same network.

• The EPC is a key part of SAE. Major subcomponents of the LTE EPC include the MME, SGW, and PGW.

Fig: SAE Architecture

CONT…
• MME (Mobility Management Entity):

• The MME is an important controller node in the LTE network. It is responsible for:
• Idle mode UE (User Equipment) tracking
• Paging procedure such as re-transmissions
• Bearer activation and deactivation process
• S-GW selection for a UE at the initial attach
• Intra-LTE handover with Core Network node relocation
• User authentication with HSS

• When the signaling of Non-Access Stratum (NAS) terminates at the MME, it generates and allocates temporary identities to UEs. Then, it authorizes the UE
for the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is also responsible for the enforcement of UE roaming restrictions. The MME handles the ciphering/integrity
protection for NAS signaling and the security key management. It supports lawful interception of signaling, and the control plane function for mobility
between LTE and legacy networks with the S3 interface. The S6a interface connects the MME to the HSS for roaming UEs.

• SGW (Serving Gateway):

• The main function of the Serving Gateway is routing and forwarding of user data packets. It is also responsible for inter-eNB handovers in the U-plane and
provides mobility between LTE and other types of networks, such as between 2G/3G and P-GW. The DL data from the UEs in idle state is terminated at the
SGW, and arrival of DL data triggers paging for the UE. The SGW keeps context information such as parameters of the IP bearer and routing information, and
stores the UE contexts when paging happens. It is also responsible for replicating user traffic for lawful interception.
CONT…

• PGW (PDN Gateway):

• The PDN Gateway is the connecting node between UEs and external networks. It is the entry point of data
traffic for UEs. In order to access multiple PDNs, UEs can connect to several PGWs at the same time. The
functions of the PGW include:
• Policy enforcement
• Packet filtering
• Charging support
• Lawful interception
• Packet screening
• Another important role of the PGW is to provide mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. For
example, mobility between WiMAX and 3GPP2 or between CMDA 1X and EVDO are supported by the PGW.
EPS: Evolved Packet
System
EPS
• The EPS (Evolved Packet System) network is unusual with regards to the 2G (GSM (Global System for Mobile)/GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)) and 3G (UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) networks, it only offers
a data transmission service in PS (Packet Service) mode, whose main characteristic is that it increases the peak rate.

• In order to provide a telephone service, the EPS network only produces voice and signaling transport, which are
considered to be data. Signaling and voice processing is carried out by the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) network,
outside of the mobile network.

• Evolved Packet System (EPS) comprises of the Evolved Packet Core (or EPC) and the Evolved UTRAN (or E-UTRAN).
• the UTRAN (the UMTS Access Network), the PS and the CS Core Networks, respectively, connected to the public (or
any private) IP and Telephone Networks.

• The IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is located on top of the Packet Core blocks and provide access to both public or
private IP networks, and the public telephone network via Media Gateway network entities.

• The HSS, managing user subscription information is shown as a central node, providing services to all Core Network
blocks of 3G and evolved 3G architecture.
CONT…

Fig: Overall EPS Architecture:

E-UTRAN
• Coming back to the first releases of the UMTS standard, the UTRAN architecture was initially very much aligned with 2G/GSM access
network concepts.

• The old UTRAN network is composed of radio equipment (known as NodeB) in charge of transmission and reception over the radio
interface, and a specific node – the RNC (Radio Network Controller) – in charge of NodeB configuration and radio resource allocation.

• The general architecture follows the good old 2G/GSM ‘star’ model, meaning that a single controller (the RNC) may possibly control a
large number – the typical number in commercial networks is about several hundreds – of radio Base Stations (the NodeB) over the
Iub interface.

• In addition, an inter-RNC Iur interface was defined to allow UTRAN call anchoring at the RNC level and macro-diversity between
different NodeB controlled by different RNCs.

• Macro-diversity was a consequence of CDMA-based UTRAN physical layers, as a means to reduce radio interference and preserve
network capacity.

• The initial UTRAN architecture resulted in a simplified NodeB implementation, and a relatively complex, sensitive, high-capacity and
feature-rich RNC design.
CONT…

Fig: UTRAN and evolved

UTRAN architectures

• Compared with UTRAN, the E-UTRAN OFDM-based structure is quite simple. It is only composed of one
network element: the eNodeB (for ‘evolved NodeB’).

• The 3G RNC (Radio Network Controller) inherited from the 2G BSC (Base Station Controller) has disappeared
from E-UTRAN and the eNodeB is directly connected to the Core Network using the S1 interface.

• As a consequence, the features supported by the RNC have been distributed between the eNodeB or the
Core Network MME or Serving Gateway entities.
CONT…
• The standard does not provide much detail about the architecture of the eNodeB. It is only defined as the network node
responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to the terminals.

• The ‘Node’ term comes from the fact that the Base Station can be implemented either as single-cell equipment providing
coverage and services in one cell only, or as a multi-cell node, each cell covering a given geographical sector.

• A new interface (X2) has been defined between eNodeB, working in a meshed way (meaning that all NodeBs may possibly be
linked together).

• The main purpose of this interface is to minimize packet loss due to user mobility.
• As the terminal moves across the access network, unsent or unacknowledged packets stored in the old eNodeB queues can be
forwarded or tunnelled to the new eNodeB thanks to the X2 interface.

• From a high-level perspective, the new E-UTRAN architecture is actually moving towards WLAN network structures and Wifi or
WiMAX Base Stations' functional definition.

• eNodeB – as WLAN access points – support all Layer 1 and Layer 2 features associated to the E-UTRAN OFDM physical
interface, and they are directly connected to network routers. There is no more intermediate controlling node (as the 2G/BSC
or 3G/RNC was).
CONT…

• Besides, the eNodeB includes additional features, coming from the fact that there are no more Base Station
controllers in the E-UTRAN architecture. Those features include the following:

• Radio Resource Control: this relates to the allocation, modification and release of resources for the
transmission over the radio interface between the user terminal and the eNodeB.

• Radio Mobility management: this refers to a measurement processing and handover decision.
• Radio interface full Layer 2 protocol: in the OSI ‘Data Link’ way, the layer 2 purpose is to ensure transfer of
data between network entities. This implies detection and possibly correction of errors that may occur in the
physical layer.
Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

• The term VoLTE (Voice over LTE) hides some complexity: it refers to the delivery of VoIP calls over LTE and the
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), in a way that complies with the GSM Association's VoLTE specifications.

• The delivery of voice calls over LTE and the IMS is often known as Voice over LTE (VoLTE).
• The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) was originally designed for the management and delivery of real-time
multimedia services over the 3G packet switched domain, whereas LTE was designed without a circuit
switched core network and with the intention that LTE voice calls should be transported using voice over IP.
CONT…

Fig: System architecture for a roaming

VoLTE mobile
CONT…
System architecture for a roaming VoLTE mobile:

• If the mobile is roaming, then it reaches the IMS through a PDN gateway in the visited network. This allows
the user to make a local phone call without the media travelling all the way back to the home network, in a
technique known as optimal routing.

• The proxy CSCF (Cell Session Control Function) also lies in the visited network, which gives that network
visibility of the IMS signaling. To ensure that a mobile can access the IMS while roaming, the VoLTE
specifications insist that every network operator should refer to the IMS using the IMS well-known access
point name, which is IMS.

• If the visited network operator has not yet implemented the IMS, then the mobile can reach a proxy CSCF in
the home IMS using a PDN gateway in the home network's evolved packet core.

• This architecture does not comply with the VoLTE specifications and cannot be used for voice calls, but it can
be used for other IMS services such as SMS.
Introduction to LTE-Advanced
• LTE Advanced, LTE-A incorporated a number of new techniques that enabled the system to provide very much
higher data rates, and also much better performance, particularly at cell edges and other areas where
performance would not normally have been so good.

• LTE Advanced took a few more years to fully develop and roll out across the networks, but when introduced it
enabled its many advanced features to provide significant improvements over basic LTE.
CONT…
LTE Advanced key features:
With work starting on LTE Advanced, a number of key requirements and key features are coming to light. Although not fixed yet in the specifications,
there are many high level aims for the new LTE Advanced specification. These will need to be verified and much work remains to be undertaken in the
specifications before these are all fixed. Currently some of the main headline aims for LTE Advanced can be seen below:

• Peak data rates: downlink - 1 Gbps; uplink - 500 Mbps.

• Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE.
• Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink - 30 bps/Hz; uplink - 15 bps/Hz.
• Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use and spectrum aggregation where non-contiguous spectrum needs to be used.
• Latency: from Idle to Connected in less than 50 ms and then shorter than 5 ms one way for individual packet transmission.
• Cell edge user throughput to be twice that of LTE.
• Average user throughput to be 3 times that of LTE.
• Mobility: Same as that in LTE
• Compatibility: LTE Advanced shall be capable of interworking with LTE and 3GPP legacy systems.
These are many of the development aims for LTE Advanced. Their actual figures and the actual implementation of them will need to be worked out
during the specification stage of the system.
CONT…
LTE Advanced technologies:

• There are a number of key technologies that will enable LTE Advanced to achieve the high data throughput rates that are required. MIMO
and OFDM are two of the base technologies that will be enablers. Along with these there are a number of other techniques and
technologies that will be employed.

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex, OFDM:

• OFDM forms the basis of the radio bearer. Along with it there is OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) along with SC-FDMA (Single
Channel Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). These will be used in a hybrid format. However the basis for all of these access schemes is
OFDM.

• Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO:

• One of the other key enablers for LTE Advanced that is common to LTE is MIMO. This scheme is also used by many other technologies including
WiMAX and Wi-Fi - 802.11n. MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output enables the data rates achieved to be increased beyond what the basic radio
bearer would normally allow.
• For LTE Advanced, the use of MIMO is likely to involve further and more advanced techniques including the use of additional antennas in the matrix to
enable additional paths to be used, although as the number of antennas increases, the overhead increases and the return per additional path is less.
• In additional to the numbers of antennas increasing, it is likely that techniques such as beamforming may be used to enable the antenna coverage to
be focused where it is needed
CONT…

• Carrier Aggregation (CA):

• As many operators do not have sufficient contiguous spectrum to provide the required bandwidths for the very high data rates,
a scheme known as carrier aggregation has been developed. Using this technology operators are able to utilise multiple
channels either in the same bands or different areas of the spectrum to provide the required bandwidth.

• Coordinated Multipoint :
• One of the key issues with many cellular systems is that of poor performance at the cell edges. Interference from adjacent cells
along with poor signal quality lead to a reduction in data rates. For LTE-Advanced a scheme known as coordinated multipoint
has been introduced.

• LTE Relaying:
• LTE relaying is a scheme that enables signals to be forwarded by remote stations from a main base station to improve coverage.

• Device to Device, D2D:

• LTE D2D is a facility that has been requested by a number of users, in particular the emergency services. It enables fast swift
access via direct communication - a facility that is essential for the emergency services when they may be on the scene of an
incident
LTE Higher Protocol Layers
LTE Higher Protocol Layers
• The user plane LTE protocol stack consists of upper
layers, NAS, PDCP, RLC, MAC, PHY and RF. The
functions of each are outlined below.
• NAS is not shown in the figure, it sits above RRC in
the control plane(on left side) and above PDCP in the
user plane(on right side). Above NAS upper layers
exist.
• The modules are depicted in the figure on right side.

• NAS: In the uplink it does packet filtering.

• PDCP: In the uplink it performs sequence number
addition, handover data handling, integrity
protection, ciphering and header compression. In the
downlink it does in sequence delivery, duplicate
packet detection, integrity validation, deciphering,
header decompression.

Fig: LTE Protocol Stack

CONT…
• RLC: In the uplink it provides buffer status report, segmentation and concatenation, ARQ(for AM mode). In the downlink it does re-ordering,
assembly and ARQ(for AM mode).

• MAC: In the uplink it does channel mapping, multiplexing, handling control elements, random access procedure, logical channel priority, HARQ
and sending BSRs. In the downlink it does channel mapping, de-multiplexing, DRX, Handling control elements, HARQ.

• PHY:
• CRC attachment
• Coding block
• scrambling/descrambling
• modulation/de-modulation
• measurement
• Resource element mapping/demapping
• HARQ
• MIMO

• RF:

• Radio Transmission and Reception

LTE MAC layer

Fig: LTE MAC Architecture

CONT…

• The MAC layer is composed of a Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ) entity, a multiplexing/de-
multiplexing entity, a logical channel prioritization entity, and a control entity.
Multiplexing and de-multiplexing entity:

• The multiplexing and de-multiplexing entity is in charge of composing and decomposing the MAC PDUs and
performs (de-) multiplexing of data from several logical channels into/from one transport channel.
Logical channel prioritization entity:

• When the radio resources for a new transmission are allocated, the logical channel prioritization entity
instructs the multiplexing and de-multiplexing entity to generate MAC PDUs from the MAC SDUs.

• The logical channel prioritization entity also decides how much data from each configured logical channel
should be included in each MAC PDU whenever radio resource for a new transmission is available. As stated
above, this decision is delivered to the multiplexing and demultiplexing entity.
CONT…

HARQ entity:

• The HARQ entity performs the transmit HARQ operation and the receive HARQ operation. The transmit HARQ
operation includes transmission of transport blocks and, if necessary, retransmission of the transport blocks,
and, if configured, reception and processing of HARQ ACK/NACK signaling. The receive HARQ operation
includes reception of transport blocks, combining and decoding of the received transport blocks and, if
configured, generation of HARQ ACK/NACK signaling.
Control entity:

• The control entity is responsible for a number of functions including DRX (Discontinuous Reception), resource
requests, alignment of the uplink timing, power headroom reporting, and so on.

• The Random Access (RA) procedure is used to request uplink radio resource to transmit uplink data when the
UE does not have any dedicated uplink transmission resource, or to respond to the network’s request.
CONT…
MAC Layer Function:

• Mapping between logical channels and transport channels

• Multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to the
physical layer on transport channels

• Demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the
physical layer on transport channels

• Scheduling information reporting

• Error correction through HARQ
• Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling
• Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
• Logical Channel
• Transport format selection
Self Organizing Network
(SON-LTE)
Self Organizing Network (SON-LTE)

• The LTE SON stands for Self Organizing Networks. This concept of SON is introduced in LTE and LTE-advanced
based networks to provide simple and fast installation and maintenance of the cellular networks.

• The LTE SON features can be applied to all available types of network architectures viz. centralized, hybrid
and distributed.

• LTE SON is further divided into three major subcategories:

• Self configuration
• Self optimization
• Self healing
CONT…
• The idea of self configuration is automatic setting of all the base station (eNodeB) parameters required at the time of
installation. This avoids manual setting needed by the LTE network service provider. This is done based on measurement of
radio conditions.
CONT…

• Self optimization refers to optimization of parameters of existing base stations(eNodeBs) based on change in
network load and performance requirements if any.

• Self healing helps in overcoming temporary issues of LTE system capacity occuring due to LTE equipment
aging.
CONT…
LTE SON Features:

• Following table mentions LTE SON features as per LTE standard release 8, release 9 and release 10.
• Release 8 mentions procedures for LTE eNB self configuration.
• Release 9 mentions use cases for existing LTE network covering optimization procedures.
• Latest LTE advanced release 10 mentions new and provide enhancement to existing use cases.
CONT…

Fig: SON
Implementation
SON for Heterogeneous
Networks (HetNet)
SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet)
• Heterogeneous network also describes wireless networks using different access technologies. For example, a wireless network that
provides a service through a wireless LAN and is able to maintain the service when switching to a cellular network is called a wireless
heterogeneous network.

• HetNet Architecture:
• From an architectural perspective, the HetNet can be viewed as encompassing conventional macro radio access network (RAN)
functions, RAN transport capability, small cells, and Wi-Fi functionality, which are increasingly being virtualized and delivered in an
operational environment where span of control includes data center resources associated with compute, networking, and storage.

• In this framework, self-optimizing network (SON) functionality is essential to enable order-of-magnitude network densification with
small cells. Self-configuration or ‘plug and play’ reduces time and cost of deployment, while self-optimization then ensures the
network auto-tunes itself for maximum efficiency as conditions change. Traffic demand, user movements and service mix will all
evolve over time, and the network needs to adapt to keep pace. These enhanced SON capabilities will therefore need to take into
account the evolving user needs, business goals and subscriber behaviors.

• Importantly, functions associated with HetNet operations and management take earlier SON capability that may have only been
targeted at a single domain or technology, and expand it to deliver automated service quality management across the entire HetNet.
CONT…

• Fig: Network architecture for Multi-RAT HetNet

Introduction to 5G
INTRODUCTION TO 5G
• Just like the previous generations of wireless cellular technology the fifth generation, 5G, comes with further improvements, but also introduces
some new technologies.
Salient Features of 5G:

• 5th Generation Mobile Network or simply 5G is the forthcoming revolution of mobile technology. The features and its usability are much beyond
the expectation of a normal human being. With its ultra-high speed, it is potential enough to change the meaning of a cell phone usability.

• With a huge array of innovative features, now smart phone

would be more parallel to the laptop.
• One can use broadband internet connection; other significant
features that fascinate people are more gaming options, wider
multimedia options, connectivity everywhere, zero latency,
faster response time, and high quality sound and HD video can
be transferred on other cell phone without compromising with
the quality of audio and video.
CONT…

• The 5G technology is expected to provide a new (much wider than the previous one) frequency bands along with the wider
spectral bandwidth per frequency channel. As of now, the predecessors (generations) mobile technologies have evidenced
substantial increase in peak bitrate. Then — how is 5G different from the previous one (especially 4G)? The answer is — it
is not only the increase in bitrate made 5G distinct from the 4G, but rather 5G is also advanced in terms of −

• High increased peak bit rate

• Larger data volume per unit area (i.e. high system spectral efficiency)
• High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and instantaneously
• Lower battery consumption
• Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region, in which you are
• Larger number of supporting devices
• Lower cost of infrastructural development
• Higher reliability of the communications
CONT…

5G Architecture:

• 5G was designed from the ground up, and

network functions are split up by service.

• That is why this architecture is also called

5G core Service-Based Architecture (SBA).

• The following 5G network topology diagram

shows the key components of a 5G core
network:

Fig: 5G Network Architecture

CONT…
• User Equipment (UE) like 5G smartphones or 5G cellular devices connect over the 5G New Radio Access
Network to the 5G core and further to Data Networks (DN), like the Internet.

• The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) acts as a single-entry point for the UE connection.
• Based on the service requested by the UE, the AMF selects the respective Session Management Function
(SMF) for managing the user session.

• The User Plane Function (UPF) transports the IP data traffic (user plane) between the User Equipment (UE)
and the external networks.

• The Authentication Server Function (AUSF) allows the AMF to authenticate the UE and access services of the
5G core.

• Other functions like the Session Management Function (SMF), the Policy Control Function (PCF), the
Application Function (AF) and the Unified Data Management (UDM) function provide the policy control
framework, applying policy decisions and accessing subscription information, to govern the network behavior.
THANK YOU!!!