E-Commerce Infrastructure:

The Internet, Web and Mobile Platform

Chapter 3
BY
CH. RAMADEVI

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 Learning Objectives
Key e-commerce technology concepts
behind the Internet
E-commerce and Business strategies
E-commerce and client server computing
Current structure of the Internet
Web based E-commerce architecture

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 Internet WWW
1. 1960s –US Government 1. 1990s- British Computer
Scientist, Tim Berners-Lee
2. Massive network of networks- 2. World Wide Web – simply web,
connects millions of computers is a way of accessing information
together globally, forming a over the medium of the Internet.
network in which any computer WWW – made up of millions of
can communicate with any other web pages. WWW – is
computer as long as they are information sharing built on top
both connected to the Internet . of Internet browsers– IE, firefox.
3. Information travels over the 3. Web uses HTTP protocol, only
Internet using a variety of one of the languages spoken over
languages known as “Protocols”. the Internet , to transmit data.
4. Internet provides lot of 4. WWW – is just one of the
services – FTP, e-mail, chating, biggest services provided by
TELNET, WWW etc. Internet.
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5. Superset 5. Subset
Internet - Uses Global Unique IP addressing scheme, supports
communication using TCP/IP & makes data and voice services
available to public like telephone system.

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 The Evolution of the Internet
 Innovation phase (1961-1974)
Basic ideas and technologies were developed
Fundamental building blocks of Internet were
conceptualized-- packet-switching concepts , client/server
computing & communications protocol like TCP/IP
Aim of this phase is to link large mainframe computers on
college campuses.
 This kind of one-to-one communication between campuses
was previously only possible through telephone system ;
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
 Institutionalization phase (1975-1995)
These ideas were brought to life
Large institution’s such as the DoD and NSF provided
funding for invention - Internet
In 1986, NSF start NSF-Net around $200 million Project
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Commercialization phase (1995-present)

Once these ideas and technologies had been well proven,

private companies brought Internet to millions of people
worldwide.

By 2000, Internet’s use had expanded well beyond

military installations and research universities

The Ecommerce-I period begins—arguably—in 1994

which created an online marketplace on Web using Internet
.

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 Development of the Internet Timeline
 Some examples of key developments include:

1961, concept of packet switching is created

1969, first packet-switched message is sent on ARPANET
from UCLA to Stanford (Internet born)
Late 1970s, PCs are invented
1972, e-mail is invented
1974, TCP/IP invented
1984, Domain Name System (DNS) system introduced
1989, the Web is created
1993, first graphical Web browser (Mosaic)
1994, birth of e-commerce
1995, NSF privatizes the backbone-fully commercial Internet
born.
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Key Components of Internet Technology
According to Federal Networking Council –3
concepts
 Packet switching
 TCP/IP communications protocol and Domain
Names
 Client/server computing
Internet architecture and applications
Mobile platform
Cloud computing
IOT ( Internet of Things)
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 i. Packet Switching Vs Circuit Switching
a. Packet Switching-- Divide digital data into packets & send
packets along different paths ; Reassembles packets once they
arrive at destination
 They don’t require a dedicated circuit. Bandwidth shared.
(Overhead bits required for every packet.)
 Uses routers to inter connect computer networks that make up
Internet and route packets using Routing algorithms .
Ex: Internet , GPRS/EDGE
 Packets handled in 2 ways –Datagram packet switching (UDP)
and Virtual Circuit packet switching (TCP/IP, ATM, MLPS)

b. Circuit switching : 1. Takes place at physical layer.

2. Resources are pre decided. 3. Data is not packetized.
4. No addressing involved in data transfer ( overhead bits not
Slide
required). Data is routed on the basis of time slots or
3-9 frequency bands. 5. communication in 3 phases. Ex:
b. Virtual circuit packet switching: 1. Takes place at data
link layer. 2. Resources can be allocated on demand. 3. Data is
packetized. 4. Each carries an address(VCI) in the header.
(overhead bits involved) 5. Ex: ATM of networks; Multiple Label
Packet Switching in IP networks (MPLS)
Fig :---- Packet Switching

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 Protocol
 While packet switching was an enormous advance in
communications era , there was no universally agreed
upon method--- for breaking up digital messages into packets,
routing them to the proper address, and then reassembling
them into a coherent message
 The answer was to develop a protocol- TCP/IP,UDP, SCTP etc.
 Protocol: A set of rules for formatting & ordering packets,
compressing and error-checking messages.
 The transmission control protocol (TCP) establishes the
connections among sending and receiving machines, and makes
sure that packets sent by one computer are received in the
same sequence by the other, without any packets missing.
 Internet Protocol (IP) provides Global addressing scheme.
 TCP/IP is divided into 4 separate layers:
 Network Interface Layer  Internet Layer
13  Transport Layer  Application Layer
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TCP/IP protocol architecture –called DARPA model
 i. Network Interface Layer - Data Link +Physical layers of OSI.
Responsible for placing & receiving packets on & from network
Layer.
 TCP/IP- designed to be independent of network access method,
frame format and medium.
Used to connect different network types- LAN technologies
(Ethernet &Token Ring) & WAN technologies (X.25 &Frame Relay)
This gives TCP/IP ability to be adapted to new technologies
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
ii. Internet Layer -Addressing, Fragmentation ,Re-Assembling
packets & routing messages on Internet. The Internet layer is
analogous to the Network layer of the OSI model
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)-- Resolution of Internet layer
address to the Network Interface layer address such as a
hardware address.
 Internet Control Message Protocol - providing diagnostic functions
and reporting errors due to the unsuccessful delivery of IP
packets. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)-
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Management of IP multicast groups.
 Transport Layer : it is analogous to OSI Transport layer &
some duties session layer.
 TCP - one-to-one, connection-oriented, reliable
communications service & responsible for connection
establishment & termination , sequencing ,acknowledgment &
recovery of packets lost in transmission.
 UDP one-to-one /one-to-many, connectionless, unreliable
communications service & is used when amount of data to be
transferred is small / when overhead of establishing a TCP
connection is not desired / when applications or upper layer
protocols provide reliable delivery.
Application layer provides the ability to access services of
other layers & defines protocols that applications use to
exchange of user information .
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol -is used to transfer files that make
up Web pages of WWW.
File Transfer Protocol - is used for interactive file transfer.
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) -Transfer of mails,
messages and attachments.
Telnet-Terminal Emulation Protocol-log on remotely to N/W
host
Routing Information Protocol - is a routing protocol that routers
use to exchange routing information on an IP internetwork.
Simple Network Management Protocol -Used between a network
management console & network devices (routers, bridges,
intelligent hubs) to collect and exchange network management
information.
Ex: Application layer interfaces for TCP/IP applications are
Windows Sockets and NetBIOS.

Windows Sockets provides a standard application programming

interface (API) under Windows 2000.
NetBIOS is an industry standard interface for accessing protocol
services such as sessions, datagrams, and name resolution.
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 IP Addresses --
 An IPv4 is a 32-bit number that appears as a series of four
decimal numbers separated by periods. Ex: [Link]
 Each of four decimal numbers can range from zero to 255
 Network identified by first three sets, specific computer in
network will be identified by last.
 IPv4 addressing scheme supports up to about four billion
unique addresses - 2 power 32
 A new version, called IPv6,developed to expand this range.
 It uses 128-bit addresses so it can support up to 3.4 x 1038
addresses, many more than IPv4
 An IPv6 address is formatted using eight groups of four
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
For example – [Link]

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IP address classes : With IPv4 -5 classes of IP ranges: Class A,
Class B, Class C, Class D & Class E; only A, B, and C are
commonly used.
 Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for --- loopback / local host.
 [Link] broadcast address to all hosts on the local
network.
Class Address Range Supports
[Link] to Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127
Class A
[Link] networks.
[Link] to Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000
Class B
[Link] networks.
[Link] to Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million
Class C
[Link] networks.
[Link] to
Class D Reserved for multicast groups.
[Link]
Reserved for future use, or
[Link] to
Class
21 E
[Link] Research and Development
Purposes.
Domain Names ,DNS & URL’s
 Domain Name System translates Internet domain & host names to
IP addresses and vice versa which are typed at URL.
 Corporations also use DNS to manage their own company intranet.
 DNS is a client-server N/W communication systems; DNS clients (web
browser) send requests to &receive responses from DNS servers.
 A piece of S/W built into network operating system – DNS
resolver first contacts a DNS server to determine server's IP address
(forward DNS lookups- return IP address; reverse DNS lookups- return
domain name if request contain IP address).
 If DNS server does not contain needed mapping- forward request to a
different DNS server at next higher level in hierarchy.
 DNS also includes support for caching requests & for redundancy.
 ISP maintain their own DNS servers and use DHCP to automatically
configure their customer's networks, home PC’s need not DNS
configuration.
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 Maintain by
Internet FQDN-fully qualified
authority domain name- absolute
path

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Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
 Provides a way to locate a resource on the web.
 Support http (web resources and email), https, ftp and telnet
protocols
 An example URL would be:
Ex: [Link]
protocol://domain/path/[Link]
http -identification technology used to communicate
between Web servers and users who access information via
www.
 Domains are classified most commonly as either .com, .org,
.net, .edu, .gov, .mil, .[Link], .uk, .ca,
 Domains outside US include a country classification such as
.uk (United Kingdom) or .ca (Canada) at the end of URL.

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Other Internet email Protocols ---
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) & Internet
Message Access Protocol (IMAP)-- standard mail
protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a
local email client. POP3 allows you to download email
messages on your local computer and read them even when
you are offline.
What is the main difference between IMAP and POP3?
The POP3 protocol - only one client connected to the
mailbox.
IMAP protocol -- allows simultaneous access by multiple
clients.
Utility Programs:---
Ping: Program that allows you to check connection
between client and server ; TraceRt:  use to trace the path
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  Generalized Markup Languages (GMLs) include:

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)— It is parent
language from which other two derived. It is a Meta language;

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)—most widely used in
Internet. Subset of SGML;

Extensible Markup Language (XML)—new markup language
specification developed by W3C for –Mathematical formulas,
Molecular structure of chemicals , music, recipes; Used for storing
data in structured manner. Have capability to creates new tags;
 Web server software: Enables a computer to deliver Web pages
written in HTML or XML to clients on network that request this
service by sending an HTTP request
 Basic capabilities: Security services, FTP, search engine, data capture
 Web server also used to refer to physical computer that runs Web
server software
 Web client: Any computing device attached to the Internet that is
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3-26 capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages
Who Governs the Internet?
Internet is tied to a complex web of governing
bodies, national legislatures &International
professional societies
Among the governing bodies of the Internet are:
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The Internet Society (ISOC)
The Internet Governance Forum (IGF)
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

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 iii. Client / Server Computing Model --
Is a networked computing model where – one or more PCs
connected to a server. Processes distributed among clients &
servers. Client will request & use services. Servers will process
request & provide response.
 Benefits – ability to access from any device, anywhere over
any connection.

 Easy to expand capacity

 Less vulnerable than centralized computing architectures
 28 Processing load is balanced over many powerful small computers
The Internet Today
Client/server computing model, coupled with
hourglass - layered architecture of Internet has
allowed Internet to handle explosive growth
without disruption
Hourglass/layered architecture – 4 layers:
 Network Technology Substrate
 Transport Services and Representation
Standards
 Middleware Services
 Applications
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 Hourglass Model of
Internet

SOURCE: Adapted from Computer

Science and Telecommunications
Board (CSTB), 2000.
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 Internet Network Architecture

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Internet Service Providers (ISP) , Internet, intranet , Extranet
Retail providers that deal with “last mile of service”
Major national ISPs include AOL, MSN, and AT&T,
WorldNet...
Offer both narrowband (traditional telephone modem
connection at 56.6 Kbps) and broadband (service based on
DSL, cable modem, T1 or T3 telephone lines, and
satellite)
Broadband Service Choices
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): Telephone technology
delivers high-speed access through ordinary telephone
lines
Cable modem: Cable television technology piggybacks
digital access to Internet on top of analog video cable line
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T1 and T3: International telephone standards for digital
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 The New Client: The Mobile Platform
 The hardware/software environment for laptops, tablets, smart

phones and other portable devices

 Laptop computers use x86-based CPUs; however, smart
phones and non-Windows tablets employ ARM processors. 
 Vendors usually offer a mobile application platform to clients

that want to go mobile or enter the mobile market.

 Platform includes migration tools and resources that support

a mobile interface, aimed at Apple and Android markets.

 The mobile platform has profound implications for e-commerce

because it influences how, where, and when consumers shop

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and buy.
 Cloud Computing” Model :
Cloud computing is an emerging technology that
use Internet for the tasks you perform on your
computer.
Cloud refers to a “network” or “Internet” . Cloud is
something , which is present at remote location. It
provides services over private (LAN,WAN, VPN) /
public networks.
It allows us to create , configure & customize
applications online. Also users can access database
resources via Internet from anywhere for as long as
they need without worrying about any maintenance
or management of actual resources. Applications
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such as email , web conferencing, CRM all run in
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Ex. Of Cloud computing –
i. Google Apps – provides service of business
applications such gmail,google talk, google
calender, & google docs..
ii. Amazon web services-- services offered are
Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, simple DB, Amazon
SQS.
iii. Azure– MS provides OS services, hosting,
Systems development. Types of Cloud
computing--
 SaaS– CRM, email, virtual desktop,
communication, games etc. PaaS-- Execution
37 runtime, db, web server, development tools. IaaS–
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT is – network of physical objects” ( people, animal
assigned unique identifiers) or “ things” embedded with
electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity which
enables these objects to communicate, sense or interact with
their internal states or external environment for to collect and
exchange data which results in improved efficiency, accuracy
and economic benefit. ( Note : -- IPV6 provides sufficient
address space )
Internet technology is spreading beyond the desktop, laptop,
and tablet computers, and beyond smart phone, to consumer
electronics,
38 electrical appliances, cars, medial devices, utility
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 Limitations of the Current Internet : 1. Poor infrastructure
Bandwidth limitations :Insufficient capacity throughout
backbone, switching centers & “last mile” . Result is slow
service and limited ability to handle video and voice traffic
Quality of service limitations :Packets take a circuitous route
to reach final destination –leads to latency(delay) which is not
problem with data but bigger problem with multimedia.
Language development limitations :HTML is fine for text and
simple graphics but poor at defining and communicating “rich
documents” such as databases and business graphics
(xml,GML,SGML-standard generalized markup language….)
Wired Internet limitations – The wired nature of the Internet
restricts mobility of users (fiber-optic cable wears out)
 Internet II: The second era of Internet is being built today by
Consortium of >400+ universities, government agencies,
and private businesses that are collaborating to find ways to
make the Internet more efficient
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 Internet II - Primary goals:
 Create a leading edge very-high speed network for national
research community
 Enable revolutionary Internet applications
 Distributed and collaborative computing environments for
sciences, health, arts, and humanities initiative
 Areas of Focus - Internet2
Advanced network infrastructure
New networking capabilities
Middleware
Advanced applications
 The Larger Internet II Technology Environment
 GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovation) Initiative:
Proposed by NSF to develop new core functionality for Internet
 Private initiatives in fiber optics and wireless Internet services
 Photonics: Study of communicating with light waves
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3-42
Benefits of Internet II Technologies

 IP Multicasting: set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of

data to many locations on a network
 Latency solutions: diffQoS (differentiated quality of service) will be
able to assign different levels of priority to packets depending on
type of data being transmitted
 Guaranteed service levels: ability to purchase right to move data
through network at guaranteed speed in return for high speed n/ws.
 Lower error rates
 Declining costs

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Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

 Derived from a completely different history than Telephone wireless

(purpose was to connect client computers to server computers
within local areas of few 100 meters)
 Two major technologies: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
 Wi-Fi: High-speed, fixed broadband wireless local area network.
Different versions for home and business market. Limited range
 WiMax: High-speed, medium range broadband wireless
metropolitan area network
 Bluetooth: Low-speed, short range connection of digital devices
 Ultra-Wideband (UWB): Low power, short-range high bandwidth
network
 Zigbee: Short-range, low-power wireless network technology useful
for remotely controlling digital devices

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 Wireless Local Area Network Hotspots

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Fiber Optics and the Bandwidth Explosion in the First Mile
 Fiber optics concerned with the “first mile” or backbone Internet
services that carry bulk traffic over long distances
 Older transmission lines being replaced with fiber-optic cable
 Right now, much of fiber-optic cable laid in United States is “dark”,
but represents a vast digital highway that can be utilized in the
future
Photonics Technologies :
 Technologies that will have impact on achieving Internet II include
 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
 Optical and fiber switches, and switching components
 Optical integrated circuits
 Optical networks
 Big Band: Next step in Internet access; will provide B.W of 10 Gbps

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The Last Mile: Mobile Wireless Internet Access
 Wireless Internet access concerned with the “last mile”—from
Internet backbone to user’s computer, cell phone, PDA, etc.
 Two different basic types of wireless Internet access:
Telephone-based wireless Internet
 Different standards
 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): used primarily in
Europe
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): developed by the Military
in WW-II and used primarily in U.S.
 CDMA is cheaper to implement and provides higher quality voice
and data but 3 out of 4 of the world’s cell phones rely on GSM
 Computer network-based wireless Internet

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How Google Works

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Internet II and E-commerce: Emerging Features and Services

 Online forums and chat: Enables users to communicate with each

other via computer. Online chat occurs in real time
(simultaneously); used in e-commerce to help develop community
 Streaming media: enables music, video and other large files to be
sent to users in chunks so that when received and played, file
comes through uninterrupted
 Cookies: tool used by Web sites to store information about a user;
small text file stored on user’s computer with information about
the user that can be accessed by Web site the next time user
returns to the site
 Weblogs (blogs): Personal Web page that typically contains a series
of chronological entries by its author, and links to related Web
pages

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 (continued..)
 Really Simple Syndication (RSS): Program that allows users to have
digital content automatically sent to them; typically used for news
 Podcasting: Audio presentation stored as an audio file and available
for download from Web
 Wiki: Web application that allows a user to easily add and edit
content on a Web page
 New music and Video services: Video casts; digital video on
demand; video casts
 Internet Telephony: Technologies that use Voice Over Internet
Protocol (VOIP) and Internet’s packet-switched network to transmit
voice and other forms of audio communication over the Internet
 Video conferencing
 Online software and services: digital software libraries, distributed
storage

SlideM-commerce & F-Commerce applications
3-51
52
IP Multicasting

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