GL 3105: GEOMORFOLOGI
(3 SKS)
2. Proses Geomorfik Eksogen
2018
Difference between Exogeneous and
Endogeneous
• Processes that area caused by forces from within earth are
endogeneous processes
• By contrast, exogeneous processes come from forces on or
above the earth surface
Endogenic Processes Exogenic Processes
Originate in the interior of the earth Originate on the surface of the earth
Causes sudden or rapid movements Causes slow movements
Eg: earthquake, faulting, diastrophism Eg: erosional and depositional
Exogenetic Process
• Outer geomorphological process = exogenetic processes
(Forces, Solar radiation, temperature changes +
precipititation (climate factor)) create surface features
• The actions of exogenic processes result in wearing down
(degradation) of relief/elevations and filling up
(aggradation) of basins/depressions on the earth surface
Degradation
• Degradation is the lowering of a bottomland surface
through the process of erosion
• Conceptually it is the opposite of the vertical component
of aggradation and is most frequently applied to sediment
removed from channel bed or other low-lying parts of a
stream channel
Aggradation
• Aggradation is the raising or elevating of a bottomland
surface through the process of aluvial deposition
• Conceptually it is the vertical component of accretion and
is most frequently apllied to sediment deposition on a
channel bed, bar or other near channel surfaces, flood
plain, or less often low lying alluvial terrace
Type of Exogenetic Process
i. Weathering
ii. Erosion
iii.Transportation
iv.Deposition
v. Mass Movement
Denudation
• It means to make the thing exposed
• The processes by which the rocks on earth’s surface are
broken into pieces through the application of external
physical forces and debris are transported elsewhere is
known as denudation
• This denudation work is performed through three
processes such as wathering, erosion and transportation
• Denudation = Wathering + Erosion + Transportation
Weathering
Weathering
• The weathering is a process by which the rocks on the
surface of the earth is broken mechanically into pieces due
to snow or frost, the variation of temperature and pressure
or by chemical (dissolution) action of the materials
• Mechanical/Physical weathering
o Depend on some applied forces
o The forces could be:
Gravitational forces such as overburden pressure, load, and shearing
stress
Expansion forces due to temperature changes, crystal growth
Water pressures controlled by wetting and drying cycles
Weathering
• Mechanical weathering
A. Joints in Granite, parallel with the
valley side, reflecting offloading
(pressure release)
B. Cracking of a rocks forming angular
clasts of the pavement
C. Frost shattered slates
D. Patterned ground (stone stripes)
E. Involutions and other features in
alluvial gravels
• Chemical weathering
o Solution , carbonation, hydration, oxidation, and reduction that act on the
rocks to decompose, dissolve or reduce them to a fine clastic state through
chemical reaction
o Water and air (oxygen and carbon dioxide) along with heat must be present
to speed up all chemical reactions
o Over and above the carbon dioxide present in the air, decomposition of
plants and animals increase the quantity of carbondioxide underground
Weathering
• Chemical weathering
• Quartz mineral is almost chemically
inert but may break down
mecnically to sand. The others
minerals break down chemically to
clay minerals
• The weathering products in
sedimentary rocks particularly clay
minerals and iron oxides, plus
chemical or biochemical precipates
(calcite, CaCo3) “Granite weathering”
Weathering
• Mechanical + Chemical weathering influeced by climate
and temperature
“Soils and Weathering Profiles”
A. Weathering under humid condition
B. Podzol, bleached horizon below
the dark humus horizons, below is
iron rich horizons
C. Desert soil, containing soluble salts
Weathering
• In dry regions
A. Calcrete, developed from carbonate
accumulation within a soil profile
B. Honeycomb,
C. Fluvial systems in the desert
Erosion
• Erosion and transportation are accomplished together
• The process by which the earth’s crust are eroded by the
river, wind, glacier, ocean currents etc are transported
elsewhere is known as erosion
Water – most influencial force in erosion
- Moves materials
- Transports large objects with fast moving streams
- Rivers, Lake, Oceans
Wind – creating great deserts
- Most effective in moving loose materials
- Occurs in area where there is not rainfall to support vegetation
- Main effect:
- Wind caused small particles to be lifted and moved away
- Suspended particles may impact of solid objects causing erosion by abrasion
Wave – relentless pounding
- Erodes:
- Softer/weaker rock first
- Harder/more resistant left behind
- Can take over 100 years to erode a rock to sand
- Energy of waves and chemical content of the water erodes the rock of the
coastline
Glacial /Ice – moves and carries rock, grinding the rocks beneath the glacier
- Plucking occurs when water enters crack under the glacier
- freezing
- breaking off piesces of rock that are then carried by the glacier
- Abbrasion
- cuts into the rock under the glacier
- smoothing
- polishing the rock surface
What caused this ??
Deposition
• Deposition is the constructive process of accumulation into
beds or irregular masses of loose sediment or other rock
material by any natural agent
Deposition– laying down of sediments that has been transported by medium
such as wind, water or ice
- Process of erosion stops when moving particles fall out the transporting
medium and settle on a surface
- Speed of the medium slows the resistance of the particles increases, the
balance changes and causes deposition
- Speed can be reduced by large rocks, hills, vegetation, etc
Deposition - Water
Running waters enters a large, fairly still body of water and its speed
decreases
• As speed decreases, the water’s ability to carry sediment also decreases
• Deposited in streams, rivers, oceans:
- Sediments deposits where the slowing water can no longer move them
- Largest particles are deposited near shore
- Smaller particles settle out further from the shore where water is calmer
Deposition - Wind
Wind speed related to variations in heating and cooling
• Transportations of particles
- Fine particles in suspension hundred of kms from its original source in
desert
- Heavier material maybe blown along the ground
- Material is deposited when the wind changes direction or loses its
strength
Mass movement / mass wasting
• Mass movement is any downslope transfer, through
gravitational and generally water facilitated (viscous)
processes, of near surface soil and rock material
• Rates of mas movement range from very slow creep to
nearly instantaneous slope failure
Mass Movement– downward movement of a rock and sediments, mainly by
gravity
- Streams and glacier
- Move material from higher to lower elevation (high pressure – low
pressure)
- Occurs continuisly on all slopes
- Slow moving and sudden movement until equilibrium reached
Deposition - Ice
Glacial flows of ice – become slower when the ice begins melting
• Deposits left by glaciers:
- The deposits of these rivers look simlar to normal river deposits and
are called outwashes
- Moraines are large mass of broken rock left at the base and sides of the
glacier
- Finer material is carried in the rivers that form when the glacial ice
melts
