Religion and Belief System
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Religion
Religion
– is considered as one the most influential
and universal forces in society.
It was derived from the latin word religo,
which means” to bind”or to obligate.”
Nature of Religion
RELIGION
Religion comes from Latin word “Religare/
Religo”- which means, to bind together
Refers to the socially defined patterns of belief
concerning the ultimate meaning of life
Is the belief in spiritual beings and the institution and
practices associated with these belief (Taylor, 1817).
Is a cultural entrenched pattern of behavior composed
of sacred beliefs and feelings.( John F. Cuber)
Unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things,
that is to say, things set apart and forbidden- beliefs and
practices which unite into one single moral community called
church. (Durkheim, 1961)
Karl Marx
- Define religion as the “Opium of the People”
- Argued that religion was used to maintain the
unequal social system that provides more
benefits to elites or the upper class while
negatively affecting the lower social classes.
Components of Religion
Sacred objects
Sacred Beliefs
Ritual
Religious Community
Techniques of Religion
01 Prayer 05 Taboo
02 Sacrifice Divination
06
03 Reverence 07 Rituals
04 Divination 08 Ceremony
09 Magic
Functions of Religion
Promoting social solidarity
and social control
Legitimation
Social adaptation
Consecrating life’s event
Belief System (Evolution of Religion)
Animism Polytheism Agnosticism
Monotheism Atheism Deism
Belief System (Evolution of Religion)
Monism Trinitarianism
Pantheism Spiritualism
Variety of Religious Pattern
Supernaturalism- refers to the society’s belief in
nonmaterial forces that can influence the physical
world.
Animism- is belief in nature spirit.
Totemism- belief in natural elements, plants, or
animals can influence one’s life and material
world.
Theism- refers to the people’s belief in the divinity.
Polytheism- refers to the belief of society to the
pantheon of gods.
Monotheism- believes in a single god.
Types of Religion
Sect
Cults
03 02 01
Church or Ecclesia
Denomination
Types of religious organization
Church- is an institutional organization that is
considered as the most recognized form of religious
organization.
Denomination- are religious organization that have a
large number of members but are less formal than a
church.
oDenominations gain members by recruiting and
converting members from other churches and
denomination
Sect- are religious organizations that tend to differ and
oftentimes reject a larger religion’s beliefs.
Cults- are relatively small religious organizations whose
doctrines are outside mainstream religious traditions.
oCults are usually small and localized communities led
by charismatic leader who exercises absolute control
over its member.
oCults leader usually claim their authority to rule
based on a direct revelation, a divine insight, or their
own interpretation of sacred text like the bible.
oCult means new religion
Classification of religion
Monotheistic religion- that assert the
existence of a single divine being.
Exam. Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Polytheistic Religions- belief in the
existence of multiple deities or god.
Region where it Religion Nature of
started religion
West Asia JUDAISM MONOTHEISM
CHRISTIANITY
ISLAM
South Asia HINDUISM POLYTHEISM
BUDDHISM
JUDAISM- came from the Hebrew word Yehudim,
which means “ Judah.”
oAbraham – the first Hebrew, who received
revelation from god or Yahweh.
oHebrew bible- Judaism’s principal collection of
holy writings.
oTorah or the Pentateuch- the foundational text of
Hebrew.
oGenesis, exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and
Deuteronomy
Synagogues- Jews’ sacred temple
Christianity- came from the Greek word christos, which
means anointed. The term was derived from the name of
Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity.
o They believed that god is the creator and sustainer of
everything.
o Believes that god creates all possibilities, both good
and bad.
o According to the Christian doctrine, god is three equal
Persons in one deity” – the father, son, and holy spirit.
o Bible- the sacred text of Christianity
o Christianity has three main groups: orthodox
Christianity, Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.
Islam- is derived from the Arabic word Aslama which
means “ Surrender.”
o Islam strictly believes in one god called Allah
o It believes that Muhammad is the prophet or
messenger of god.
o Quran or Koran- Sacred text of Islam
o It is the recitation of Muhammad of the messages
given to him by Allah.
o Mosques- their sacred temple.
o Five important rituals: Five Pillars of Islamic Faith.
1.Shahada- Islam’s profession of faith that there is
only one god, Allah, and Muhammed is his
prophet.
2.Salat- prayer done five times every day
3.Zakat- Almsgiving done by Muslims
4.Sawm- fasting done by Muslims during the holy
month of Ramadan
5.Hajj- Pilgrimage done by muslims to the holy city
of Mecca.
Two main groups of Islam
1.Shi’as Group or the Shi’ite Muslim-
believe that Ali, Muhammad Cousin and
Son-in Law, was the successor of the
prophet.
2.Sunni Muslims- believed that
Muhammad did not appoint any
successor.
Hinduism- considered as the world’s oldest
living religion.
oThey believed in Samsara- the soul is
caught in a cycle of birth- death- rebirth.
oBelieved in different gods
1.Brahma- the creator
2.Shiva- the destroyer
3.Vishnu- the preserver
oVedas, Upanishad, and Bramanas- the
sacred texts of Hinduism
oVedas- is a body of oral literature that
contain songs and ritual instructions of the
Brahmins
oUpanishads- are theological and
philosophical reflection regarding the vedas.
oBrahmanas- are the treatises on sacrificial
rites that emphasize ritualize religions.
Buddhism
oIs considered as the third major
religion in India.
oIt is also believed to Siddharta
Gautama, a Kshatriyan prince
who became Buddha after
receiving enlightenment.
o Buddhism emphasizes the teaching of four noble
truths of Buddha
The four noble of truths are the following:
1.Noble truth of Suffering- life is full of suffering and it is
made up of a cycle of birth, decay, illness, death
2.Noble truth of the cause and origin of suffering-
suffering cause by desire
3.Noble truth of the cessation of suffering- suffering can
be eliminated by removing desires.
4.Noble truth of the path to the cessation of the cause of
suffering
Eight –Fold Path
1.Right understanding /belief
2.Right attitude of mind
3.Right speech
4.Right action and behaviour
5.Right livelihood
6.Right effort
7.Right recollection/mindfulness
8.Right meditation or concentration.
Buddhism Sacred text are organized into three
categories called as basket or pitaka.
1.Vinaya Pitaka- it contains all the rules of the
monastic discipline.
2.Sutra Pitaka- the compilation of Buddha
speeches.
3.Abhidharma Pitaka- the seven lengthy
theoretical interpretations of the teaching of
Buddha.
Separation of Church and State in the
Philippines
oTHE 1987 Philippine constitution- guarantees
the separation of the church and the state in
the Philippines.
oIn article 2, section 6 of the 1987
constitution
This means, the state cannot dictate a person’s
religion
Thank You!
