Haramaya University
College of Computing and Informatics
Department of Computer Science
Data Communication & Computer Networks
Internet Addressing
IP Addressing
Four types of addresses are used :
[Link] Addresses
[Link] (IP) Addresses
[Link] Addresses, and
[Link] Addresses
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IP Addressing
A Hardware address is used to uniquely identify a host
within a local network. (by data link layer of OSI)
Ethernet utilizes the 48-bit MAC address as its hardware
address.
A MAC address is most often represented in hexadecimal,
using one of two accepted formats:
E.g. [Link]
0043.ABF2.3213
Logical Addressing
Logical addressing is a function of the Network layer of
the OSI Model and provides a hierarchical structure.
Specific Address- are user-friendly addresses
E.g. [Link] , bilisuma23@[Link]
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IP Addressing
Port Number is a pre-assigned unique numbers so
that the computer knows how to respond when it is
contacted on a specific port.
It is 16-bit address.
Example Web Servers use port 80,
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is
delivered to port 25.
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IP addresses-Logical Address
Internet Protocol moves data between hosts in the form of
datagrams.
Each datagram delivered to destination address w/c contains
32 – bit IP address.
IP address
is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on a network.
Allows a host on one network to communicate with a host on a
different network.
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IP addresses
IP address – is a famous layer 3 address.
IPv4 – is the current version of IP .
IPv6- is the next version of the Internet Protocol
Each data packet sent along a network contains
source and destination IP addresses.
A router uses the IP address of the destination to
forward the packet to the correct destination
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IP addresses
IP addresses are 32 bits wide.
To work with this 32 bit wide IP addresses ,it needs to be
divided into four fields
Each field is 8 bits wide, can be converted to base 10 and
separated by dots.
Each octet has a decimal value from 0 to 255.
This writing scheme is called dotted decimal format and each
part is called an octet b/c it is made of eight bits.
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IP address formats
Example
Dotted binary format
00001010.00000100.00001111.00001100
Dotted decimal format
[Link]
IP addresses have two portions , such as:
network portion and
host portion.
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Host and Network portions
The network portion/ addresses
uniquely identifies the network in which the computer is
located.
Example In the IP address [Link], 172.16 is the
network address.
The host portion/ addresses
identifies the source and destination computer / machine in
the network.
Also called node address. Example In the IP address
[Link], 30.56 is the host/node address.
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Host and network portions
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IP addresses are hierarchical
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IP address classes
IP addresses
Are classified into three main address classes to define
large, medium and small networks.
Class A IP addresses are used for larger networks.
Class B for medium networks.
Class C for small networks.
Other classes – w/c are used for multicasting and research
purposes are D and E .
This grouping of addresses is referred to as class full
addressing.
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Class A addresses
Designed to support extremely large networks, with more
than 16 million host addresses available.
Use only the first octet to indicate the network address, the
remaining three octets provide for host addresses.
1st octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet
Network Host
address Address
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Class A addresses
The first bit of a Class A address is always 0.
With that first bit a 0, the lowest number that can be
represented is 00000000, decimal 0.
The highest number that can be represented is 01111111,
decimal 127.
The numbers 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as
network addresses.
Any address that starts with a value between 1 and 126 in the
first octet is a Class A address.
Example: [Link]
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Class B Addresses
Designed to support moderate to large sized networks,.
With more than 65 thousand host addresses available.
Use the first two octets to indicate the network address, the
remaining two octets provide for host addresses
1st octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet
Network Host
address address
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Class B Addresses
The first two bits of a Class B address are always 10.
The lowest number that can be represented is 10000000,
decimal 128.
The highest number that can be represented is 10111111,
decimal 191.
Any address that starts with a value between 128 and 191 in
the first octet is a Class B address.
Example: [Link]
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Class C Addresses
Designed to support small to moderate networks.,
A maximum of 254 host addresses are available.
Use the first three octets to indicate the network address, the
remaining octet provides for host addresses
1st octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet
Network Host Address
Address
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Class C Addresses
The first three bits of a Class C address are always 110.
The lowest number that can be represented is 11000000,
decimal 192.
The highest number that can be represented is 11011111,
decimal 223.
Any address that starts with a value between 192 and 223 in
the first octet is a Class C address
Example: [Link]
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Class D Addresses
Designed to support multicasting.
Hence there is no need to allocate octets to separate
network and host addresses.
The first four bits of a Class D address are always
1110.
The lowest number that can be represented is
11100000, decimal 224.
The highest number that can be represented is
11101111, decimal 239.
Any address that starts with a value between 224 and
239 in the first octet is a Class D address.
Example: [Link]
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Class E Addresses
Reserved for research purposes.
The first four bits of a Class E address are always
1111.
The lowest number that can be represented is
11110000, decimal 240.
The highest number that can be represented is
11111111, decimal 255.
Any address that starts with a value between 240 and
255 in the first octet is a Class E address.
Example: [Link]
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IP address classes – Ranges
IP Address High Order Bits First Octet Number of Bits in the
Class Address Range Network Address
Class A 0 0 – 127* 8
Class B 10 128 – 191 16
Class C 110 192 – 223 24
Class D 1110 224 – 239 0
Class E 1111 240 - 255 0
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IP address classes – network and host
portions
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Reserved IP addresses
Certain IP addresses are reserved and cannot be used as an
address to a host.
Some of them are:
Network addresses – w/c used to identify the network.
Broadcast addresses – w/c used to broadcast messages.
Network addresses
Used to identify the network itself.
Example a class C network which starts with [Link]
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Network addresses
The address [Link] is called the network address.
An addresses can be assigned for hosts from
[Link] to [Link]
The only time when the host portion of the address
matters is when data is on the local area network.
In general, network addresses have all zeros for the
host portion.
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Network addresses (cont...)
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Broadcast Addresses
Is the address that used by applications and hosts to send
information to all hosts / nodes on a network.
Used for broadcasting packets to all the devices on a network.
Hosts use broadcast addresses to send data to all hosts on a
network.
Assume a class C network with a network address
[Link]
The broadcast address for this network is [Link]
In general, broadcast addresses have all ones for the
host portion .
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Broadcast addresses (cont...)
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Loopback IP
The class A address which starts with 127 is used as a loopback
address.
Hosts use this address to send packets to themselves.
It can also be used for testing (e.g. use it to test if NIC is
working properly or the driver has been correctly installed).
Hence addresses which start with 127 are not assigned to hosts
under normal conditions.
Usually the address [Link] is used as a loopback IP.
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IP address Allocation
IP addresses must be uniquely assigned to hosts.
Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network Information
Center (InterNIC) took over the responsibility of making sure that IP
addresses are unique.
InterNIC is no longer exists and has been succeeded by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
IANA manages the remaining supply of IP addresses to ensure that
duplication of publicly used addresses does not occur.
Duplication would cause instability in the Internet and compromise its
ability to deliver packets to networks.
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Public and Private address
The internet grows rapidly => we are running out of IP
addresses.
One solution is to have public and private IP addresses.
Since public networks require public IP addresses, we
give hosts in that network a public IP address which is
obtained from IANA.
This address is called a public address.
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Public and private address
But private networks (like networks in the laboratories of
Haramaya University) do not require public IP addresses.
We can assign a host in a private network any address we
like.
We only make sure that each host in the private network
has a unique IP address.
This address is called a private address.
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Private IP addresses – the problem
A problem occurs if a private network is connected to
the internet.
Now suppose a private network is connected to the
internet.
Host X with an IP address of [Link] wants to
communicate with host Y with an address
[Link].
Is host Y on the same private network as host X or is it a
host somewhere in the internet?
The router on the next slide will not be able to forward
the data packets correctly.
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Which host?
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Private IP addresses –solution
To resolve this confusion, three blocks of IP
addresses have been reserved for use in private
networks (specified by RFC 1918).
These three blocks consist of a range of Class A,
Class B and Class C addresses.
These addresses are recommended for private
addresses.
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Private IP addresses –solution (contd.)
Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet
backbone.
Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.
If addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home network,
these private addresses can be used instead of globally unique,
public addresses.
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Subnetting
Suppose we have a class A address.
How to assign these addresses to hosts. (over
16 million)?
Subnetting is a process which divides a network
into smaller, more manageable parts.
Smaller parts of the network are called subnets.
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IP address assignment
Every host should obtain an IP address in order to
exchange data OR function on the internet.
There are two ways of assigning IP addresses to
hosts.
Static assignment
Dynamic assignment
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Static IP address assignment
Static assignment works best on small, in frequently
changing networks.
IP addresses are manually assigned for each
computer, printer, or server on the intranet.
Servers should be assigned a static IP address so
workstations and other devices will always know how
to access needed services.
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Dynamic IP address assignment
Two types of dynamic IP address assignments:
RARP
DHCP
RARP
Stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
Every host knows its own MAC address.
i.e. RARP server keeps a list of MAC addresses and
corresponding IP addresses.
When a host boots up, it broadcasts a RARP request and the
RARP server responds, telling the host’s IP address.
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DHCP
Stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
A range of IP addresses which can be assigned to hosts are
defined on a DHCP server.
As hosts come online (when they boot up or when they are
connected to the network), they contact the DHCP server and
request for addresses.
The DHCP server chooses an address and leases it to that
host.
An IP address can be leased to a host for a week, a month,
three months, etc.
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DHCP (contd.)
When the lease time interval expires, the host requests for an
IP address again.
Beside requesting for an address, hosts can also tell the DHCP
server that they no longer need the address they are using.
This is also called releasing an IP address.
After an address is released, it can be leased to another host.
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Name Resolution – the problem
In TCP/IP communications
a datagram on a local-area network must contain both a
destination MAC address and a destination IP address.
These addresses must be correct and match the destination
MAC and IP addresses of the host device.
If it does not match, the datagram will be discarded by the
destination host.
There needs to be a way to automatically map IP to MAC
addresses.
It would be too time consuming for the user to create the
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maps manually. IP Addressing 42
Solution - ARP
The TCP/IP suite has a protocol, called Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), which can automatically obtain MAC
addresses for local transmission.
Hosts find MAC addresses by:
Broadcasting an ARP request, for which the destination
host replies
Once a host finds out the MAC address of a host, it adds it on
its own ARP table.
ARP tables contain a list of MAC addresses and IP addresses.
To make the work more efficient, hosts consult their ARP
table before sending out anIP Addressing
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ARP request. 43
IPv4 – drawbacks
Class A and B addresses make up 75 percent of the IPv4
address space, however fewer than 17,000 organizations can
be assigned a Class A or B network number.
Class C network addresses are far more numerous than Class
A and Class B addresses, although they account for only 12.5
percent of the possible IP addresses
Unfortunately, Class C addresses are limited to 254 usable
hosts.
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IPv4 – drawbacks
This does not meet the needs of larger organizations
that cannot acquire a Class A or B address.
Even if there were more Class A, B, and C addresses,
too many network addresses would cause Internet
routers to come to a stop under the burden of the
enormous size of the information they will need to
store and process.
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IPv4 – Drawbacks
With Class A and B addresses virtually exhausted, class C
addresses are (only 12.5 percent) left to be assigned to new
networks.
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IPv6
Among the efforts made to solve this problem (private and
public IP addresses being one), a more scalable version of
IP, called IPv6 has been developed.
IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than 32 bits.
IPv6 is slowly being implemented in selected networks.
Eventually IPv6 is expected to replace IPv4.
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Thank you!!!
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