Chapter 10

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

Chapter Objectives:
 Apply previously learn circuit techniques to sinusoidal steady-state
analysis.
 Learn how to apply nodal and mesh analysis in the frequency domain.
 Learn how to apply superposition, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems
in the frequency domain.
 Learn how to analyze AC Op Amp circuits.
 Be able to use PSpice to analyze AC circuits.
 Apply what is learnt to capacitance multiplier and oscillators.

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng224 1
 Source Transformation
 Transform a voltage source in series with an impedance to a current source in
parallel with an impedance for simplification or vice versa.

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 Source Transformation
 Practice Problem 10.4: Calculate the current Io

If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the circuit shown in Fig. (a).

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 Source Transformation
 Practice Problem 10.4: Calculate the current Io

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 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
 Thévenin’s theorem, as stated for sinusoidal AC circuits, is changed only to
include the term impedance instead of resistance.
 Any two-terminal linear ac network can be replaced with an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source and an impedance in series.
 VTh is the Open circuit voltage between the terminals a-b.
 ZTh is the impedance seen from the terminals when the independent sources are
set to zero.

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 Norton Equivalent Circuit
 The linear circuit is replaced by a current source in parallel with an impedance.
IN is the Short circuit current flowing between the terminals a-b when the
terminals are short circuited.

 Thevenin and Norton equivalents are related by:

VTh  Z N I N ZTh  Z N
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 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
P.P.10.8 Thevenin Equivalent At terminals a-b

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 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
P.P.10.9 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent
for Circuits with Dependent Sources

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

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 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
P.P.10.9 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent for Circuits with Dependent Sources

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 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
P.P.10.9 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent for Circuits with Dependent Sources

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 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
P.P.10.9 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent for Circuits with Dependent Sources
Since there is a dependent source, we can find the impedance by inserting a voltage source
and calculating the current supplied by the source from the terminals a-b.

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 OP Amp AC Circuits
 Practice Problem 10.11: Calculate vo and current io

The frequency domain equivalent circuit.

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 OP Amp AC Circuits
 Practice Problem 10.11: Calculate vo and current io

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 OP Amp AC Circuits
 Practice Problem 10.11: Calculate vo and current io

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 OP Amp Capacitance Multiplier Circuit
 Capacitance multiplier: The circuit acts as an equivalent capacitance Ceq

Vi  Vo
Ii   j C (Vi  Vo ) Vi  0 0  V0 R2
1   V0   Vi
j C R1 R2 R1

R2 Ii R
Substituting, I i  j C (1  )Vi or  j (1  2 )C
R1 Vi R1

Vi 1  R2 
Zi   Ceq  1   C
Ii j Ceq  R1 

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 Oscillators
 An oscillator is a circuit that produces an AC waveform as output when
powered by a DC input (The OP AMP circuit needs DC to operate).

 A circuit will oscillate if the following criteria (BARKHAUSEN) is satisfied.

 The overall gain of the oscillator must be unity or greater.

 The overall phase shift from the input to ouput and back to input must be
zero.

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 Oscillators
 An oscillator is a circuit that produces an AC waveform as output when powered by
a DC input (The OP AMP circuit needs DC to operate).

Produce overall gain

greater than 1

- INPUT

OUTPUT

+ INPUT
Phase shift circuit to
produce 180 degree
shift

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 Assignment to be Submitted

Vo
V2

Construct the PSpice schemmatic of the oscillator shown Prob. 10.91 from the
textbook which is also shown above.
 Display the oscilloscope AC waveforms of V2 and Vo to show the phase
relationship.
 Submit the printout of your circuit schemmatic and the oscilloscope waveforms
of V2 and Vo as shown in the next page for a similar circuit.
 Do you obtain the required phase shift and the oscillation frequency? If not it
will not oscillate to produce a pure sine wave.
 Submission date 21 March 2007.
 The analytic solution is given in the next page to help your simulation.

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 Assignment (Analytic Solution)
Chapter 10, Solution 91.
V2  voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo  output voltage of the op amp

1
Z p  10 k   Ro Z s  R  j L 
jC
V2 Zp Ro V2 CRo
  
Vo Z s  Z p R  R  j L  j Vo C ( R  Ro )  j ( 2 LC  1)
o
C
For this to be purely real,
1 1 1
o2 LC  1  0 
 o  fo    180kHz Osc. Freq.
LC 2 LC 2 (0.4 10-3 )(2 10 -9 )

At oscillation, V2 o CR o Ro
 
Vo o C (R  R o ) R  R o

This must be compensated for by

Vo 80 Ro 1
Av   1 5  
 R  4 Ro  40 k
V2 20 R  Ro 5
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Similar Oscillator as the Assignment

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