What you need to know from Math!

GEN 240

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Part 1
Preliminary
(Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry)

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Pythagorean Theorem
c a 2  b2  c 2
b b a sin  b
sin   , cos  , tan = 
 c c cos a sin
a cos
1 tan
0
∞

sin
0 0
-1 cos 1
∞ 0

-1
0
-∞

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Pythagorean Theorem

hypotenuse

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Pythagorean Theorem

a b c c
Law of sines:  
sin  sin  sin   b

Law of cosines: c  a  b  2ab cos 
2 2
a

c
 b
a

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 The unit circle and
trigonometric functions
sin

+ +
- +
cos
- -
- +

sin( )   sin  , cos( )  cos  , tan(  )   tan  (4th quadrant)

sin(180   )  sin  , cos(180   )   cos  , tan(180   )   tan  (2nd quadrant)
sin(180   )   sin  , cos(180   )   cos  , tan(180   )  tan  (3rd quadrant)
sin(90   )  cos  , cos(90   )  sin  (1st quadrant)
sin(90   )  cos  , cos(90   )   sin  (2nd quadrant)

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Double- & two-angle relations
Double angle relations:
sin(2 )  2sin  cos 
 cos(2 )  1 
cos(2 )  cos 2   sin 2   2 cos 2   1  so: cos 2   
 2 
2 tan 
tan(2 ) 
1  tan 2 
Two angle relations:
sin       sin  cos   cos  sin 
cos       cos  cos  sin  sin 
tan   tan 
tan      
1 tan  tan 
Statics (ENGR 2214)
Prof. S. Nasseri
 Arcs and sectors
Arc Length, s  r
Angle measured in radians,   s / r = arc length/radius
   2 1 2
Sector area =   r  r 
 2  2
s
r


Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Similar triangles
The sides of two similar triangles are proportional and the angels are the
same. The respective heights of these triangles are also proportional to the
sides.

a b c h
  
d e f H

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Part 2
Vectors

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Vectors
Scalar: A quantity like mass or temperature, which only has a
magnitude.
Vector: A quantity like heat flux or force which has both a
magnitude and a direction; denoted by a bold faced character (a),
an underlined character (a), or a character with an arrow on it: a

Resolution of a Vector: A vector F  Fx i  Fy j

can be resolved along different y
directions using the parallelogram F  Fx2  Fy2
rule. The figure shows how one
resolves vector F into Fy Fy
components Fx and Fy which are
F tan  
Fx
along the given directions (i and j j 
are the unit vectors; vectors of x
i Fx
unit length).

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Vector addition
Addition follows the parallelogram law described in the figure.

F+E
y
E+F
F Fy F

Ey E
E

x
Fx Ex

F  E   Fx  Ex  i   Fy  E y  j

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Part 3
Dot Product, Cross Product and
Triple Product

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Dot product
The dot product of two vectors yields a scalar:

A .B  C
Magnitude:

C  AB cos 

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
Right handed system of coordinates

middle
index

thumb

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross product
The cross product of two vectors yields a vector:

A B  C
Magnitude:

C  AB sin 

Direction:
Vector C has a direction
perpendicular to the plane containing
A and B such that C is specified by
the right hand rule.

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross product
Laws of operations:
The Commutative Law is Not Valid:

A B  B  A
A  B = -B  A
Multiplication by a scalar:

a  A  B    aA   B = A   aB    A  B  a

The Distributive Law:

A  B + D   A B   A D

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross products of unit vectors
The direction is determined using the right hand rule. As shown in the
diagram, for this case the direction is k and the Magnitude is:

| i  j |=(1)(1)(sin90°) = (1)(1)(1)=1
so:
i  j = (1) k = k
and:
ij=k i  k = -j ii=0
j  k = i j  i = -k jj=0
k  i = j k  j = -i kk=0

alphabetical order  +

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross product of two vectors
Cross product of two vectors in terms of their components:

A = Axi + Ayj +Azk

B = Bxi + Byj + Bzk
A  B = (Axi + Ayj +Azk)  (Bxi + Byj + Bzk)

= AxBx (i  i) + AxBy (i  j) + AxBz (i  k)

+ AyBx (j  i) + AyBy (j  j) + AyBz (j  k)
+ AzBx (k  i) + AzBy (k  j) + AzBz (k  k)

= 0 + AxBy k – AxBz j - AyBx k + 0 + AyBz i + AzBx j – AzBy i + 0

Hence:
A  B = (AyBz – AzBy ) i - (AxBz -AzBx) j + (AxBy - AyBx ) k

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross product of two vectors
i j k
This equation may also be written in a compact determinant form:
A  B = Ax Ay Az
For element i: (i)(AyBz – AzBy ) Bx By Bz
i j k
A B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
For element j: (-j)(AxBz -AzBx) i j k
(notice the negative sign A B  Ax Ay Az
here) Bx By Bz
For element k: (k)(AxBy - AyBx ) i j k
A B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
Hence:
AB = (AyBz – AzBy ) i - (AxBz -AzBx) j + (AxBy - AyBx ) k

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross product of two vectors
In summary, The cross product of vectors a and b is a vector perpendicular
to both a and b and has a magnitude equal to area of the parallelogram
generated from a and b.

The direction of the cross product is given by the right hand rule (fingers
from vector a to vector b and thumb is along vector c). Order is important in
the cross product:

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Cross product of two vectors
a  b  b  a
a  ax i  a y j  az k (i , j and k are the unit vectors)
b  bx i  by j  bz k
i j k
a  b = ax ay a z   a y bz  az by  i   ax bz  az bx  j   axby  a y bx  k  Area m  ab sin  m
bx by bz
which m is the unit vector along the line perpendicular to the plane of a and b

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Triple product
a  a x i  a y j  a z k ax ay az

 b  bx i  by j  bz k  a.  b  c  = bx by bz   by cz  bz c y  ax   bx cz  bz cx  ay   bx cy  by cx  az
c  c i c j c k cx cy cy
 x y z

The volume of the parallelepiped constructed from the vectors a, b, and c is given by
the triple product of the three vectors:
volume  abc sin  cos 
a.  b  c   a b  c cos 

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Part 4
Differentiation, Integration and
Centroids

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
Differentiation (common derivatives)
d/dx( c )= 0
The derivative of a constant is zero.
Example: d(7) /dx = 0
d/dx( c × x )= c
The rate of change of a linear function is its slope.
Example: d(3 × x) /dx = 3
d/dx (xn) = n × x(n-1)
Example: d(x4)/dx = 4 × x 3
d/dx (log x) = 1/x
The derivative of the log of x is its inverse.
Example: d(log (x + 1))/dx = 1 / (x + 1)
d/dx (eax) = a eax
Example: d (e3x) /dx= 3 e3x
d/dx (sin cx) = c cos x
Example: d(sin3x) /dx = 3cos x
d/dx (cos x) = -sin x
Example: d (cos t)= -sin t

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Integral of a function
The integral of a function
f(x) over an interval from
x1 to x2 yield the area
under the curve in this
interval.

Note: The integral represents the

 F ( x)x as x  0

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
Some indefinite integrals to remember

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Some indefinite integrals to remember

Note: Remember to add a constant of integration if you are not specifying

limits. You evaluate the constant of integration by forcing the integral to
pass through a known point.

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Definite integral
Note: For definite integrals subtract the value of the integral at
the lower limit from its value at the upper limit. For example, if
you have the indefinite integral.
Note: The following notation is common:
x  x2
F ( x) x  x  F ( x2 )  F ( x1 )
1

Integration by parts:

 UdV  UV   VdU

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Centroid of an area
The centroid of an area is the area weighted average location of the
given area.

r  xi  yj
rOC  xOC i  yOC j
1 1 1
rOC 
AA rdA  xOC 
AA xdA, y OC 
AA rdA

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Centroid of an area
For example, consider a shape that is a composite of n individual segments,
each segment having an area Ai and coordinates of its centroid as xi and yi.
The coordinates of the centroid of this composite shape is given by

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri
 Centroids of common shapes

Statics (ENGR 2214)

Prof. S. Nasseri