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In computer networks, bandwidth
is used as a synonym for data
transfer rate.
That is the amount of data that can
be carried from one point to
another on a network in a given
time period (usually a second).
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Network bandwidth is usually expressed
in bits per second (bps);
Modern networks typically have speeds
measured in the
millions of bits per second (megabits per second, or Mbps)
or
billions of bits per second (gigabits per second, or Gbps).
For analog devices, the bandwidth is
expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz
(Hz).
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth Is a Lot Like Plumbing.
Data is to available bandwidth as water is to
the size of the pipe.
In other words, as the bandwidth increases so
does the amount of data that can flow through
in a given amount of time,
Just like as the diameter of the pipe increases,
so does the amount of water that can flow
through during a period of time.
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Say you're streaming a movie, someone
else is playing an online multiplayer video
game,
and a couple others on your same
network are downloading files or using
their phones to watch online videos.
It's likely that everyone will feel that
things are a bit sluggish if not constantly
starting and stopping. This has to do with
BANDWIDTH
To return to the plumbing analogy,
Assuming the water pipe to a home (the
bandwidth) remains the same size, as the home's
faucets and showers are turned on (data
downloads to the devices being used),
the water pressure at each point (the
perceived "speed" at each device) will reduce
Again, because there's only so much water
(bandwidth) available to the home (your
network).
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Note that bandwidth is not the only
factor that affects network
performance:
There is also packet
loss, latency and jitter, all of which
degrade network throughput and
makes a link perform like one with
lower bandwidth.
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A network path usually consists
of a succession of links, each
with its own bandwidth, so the
end-to-end bandwidth is limited
to the bandwidth of the lowest
speed link (the bottleneck).
THROUGHPUT
In data transmission, network
throughput is the amount of data
moved successfully from one place to
another in a given time period.
Typically measured in bits per second
(bps), as in megabits per second
(Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps).
Latency
Latency is the amount of time a
message takes to traverse a system.
In a computer network, it is an
expression of how much time it takes
for a packet of data to get from one
designated point to another.
It is sometimes measured as the time
required for a packet to be returned to its
sender.
Packet loss
Packet loss occurs when one or
more packets of data travelling across a
computer network fail to reach their
destination.
Packet loss is typically caused
by network congestion.
It is measured as a percentage of packets lost
with respect to packets sent.
Packet loss
Packet loss can be caused by a
variety of factors including
Network congestion
Faulty network components such as
hardware or drivers
Corrupted packets within the
transmission.
Packet loss
If the transmission experiences
packet loss, it may cause the
following:
Jitter in video conferences
Gaps in audio during VoIP
communications
Performance issues when
Packet loss
To recover from packet loss, data
must be retransmitted to the
destination to complete requests
successfully.
The amount of data retransmitted
per flow is used to calculate the
Network Efficiency metric
Efficiency
= 100% * (transferred - retransmitted) /
transferred
Network Loss = 100 - Efficiency
JITTER
Jitter is defined as a variation
in the delay of received packets.
The sending side transmits
packets in a continuous stream
and spaces them evenly apart.
JITTER
Because of network congestion,
improper queuing, or
configuration errors, the delay
between packets can vary instead
of remaining constant, as shown
in the figure.
Jitter
Bandwidth limits
the number of those
conversations that can be
supported.
Latency drives
the responsiveness of
the network - how fast
each conversation can
be had.
For TCP/IP
networks, latency also drives the
maximum throughput of a
conversation (how much data can
be transmitted by each
conversation in a given time).
CALCULATING THE
THROUGHPUT OF A
NETWORK.
CALCULATING THE
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
