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Unit 2
Sentences,
Utterances, and
Propositions
English Semantics
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Contents
1 Utterances
2 Sentences
3 Propositions
4 Distinction
Utterances
What is an utterance?
Utter (v) /ˈʌt.ər/ to say something or to make a
sound with your voice
Utterance (n) /ˈʌt.ər.əns/ something that someone
says
Utterances
What is an utterance?
An UTTERANCE is any stretch of talk, by one
person, before and after which there is silence
on the part of that person.
An utterance is the USE by a particular
speaker, on a particular occasion, of a piece
of language, such as a sequence of
sentences, or a single phrase, or even a
single word.
Practice
Exercise 1: Now decide whether the following could represent
utterances. Indicate your answer by circling Yes or No.
(1) ‘Hello’ Yes / No
(2) ‘Not much’ Yes / No
(3) ‘Utterances may consist of a single word, a single
phrase or a single sentence. They may also consist of a
sequence of sentences. It is not unusual to find utterances
that consist of one or more grammatically incomplete
sentence-fragments. In short, there is no simple relation of
correspondence between utterances and sentences’ Yes /
No
(4) ‘Pxgotmgt’ Yes / No
(5) ‘Schplotzenpflaaaaaaargh!’ Yes / No
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Utterances
1) She shouted, ‘Ouch!’
2) She answered, ‘Many apples’.
3) She said, ‘I like apples’.
4) She said, ‘I like apples because they are
delicious’.
5) She said, ‘Excellent!’
What a man pronounces, which has meaning,
is called an utterance.
Sentences
A SENTENCE is neither a physical event nor a
physical object. It is, conceived abstractly, a string of
words put together by the grammatical rules of a
language.
A sentence can be thought of as the IDEAL string of
words behind various realizations in utterances and
inscriptions.
Practice
Exercise 2: Some examples will help to get the idea of a
sentence across. Indicate your answer by circling Yes or No.
(1) Do all (authentic) performances of Macbeth begin by using
the same sentence? Yes / No
(2)Do all (authentic) performances of Macbeth begin with the
same utterance? Yes / No
Practice
Exercise 2: Some examples will help to get the idea of a
sentence across. Indicate your answer by circling Yes or
No.
(3)Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of a
sentence? Yes / No
(4) Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of an
utterance? Yes / No
(5)Can one talk of a loud sentence? Yes / No
(6) Can one talk of a slow utterance? Yes / No
Convention
Anything written between single quotation marks
‘…’ represents an utterance
Anything italicized represents a sentence or part
of a sentence (a phrase/ a word)
Eg. ‘Help’ an utterance
Mary thought how nice John was a sentence
Sentence or Utterance?
1. When shall we three meet again?
2. ‘When shall we three meet again?’
Sentence - Rule
We have defined a sentence as a string of words. A
given sentence always consists of the same words,
and in the same order.
Any change in the words, or in their order, makes a
different sentence, for our purposes.
Eg. (1) They rolled up the carpet
(2) They rolled the carpet up
(1) and (2) are different
sentences
Sentence
A SENTENCE is a grammatically complete
string of words expressing a complete thought.
(This definition intend to exclude any string of
words that does not have a verb in it)
Eg. I would like a cup of tea a sentence
Coffee, please not a sentence
In the bedroom not a sentence
Please put it in the bedroom a sentence
Practice
Exercise:
Which of the following utterances are tokens of
whole sentences (S) and which are not (NS)?
(1) ‘John’ S / NS
(2) ‘Who is there?’ S / NS
(3) ‘Mine’ S / NS
(4) ‘It’s mine’ S / NS
(5) ‘Where shall I . . .?’ S / NS
Sentence
Teacher: ‘Who cleaned the board?’
An utterance & Not a token of a
Student: ‘John’ whole sentence
John
An elliptical sentence
John cleaned the board The full sentence
NOT an elliptical sentence/
Mom: ‘John!’ An addressing word
John: ‘Yes, mum’.
Proposition
A PROPOSITION is that part of the meaning of the
utterance of a declarative sentence which
describes some state of affairs.
In uttering a declarative sentence, a speaker
typically asserts a proposition
Proposition - Rule
The notion of truth can be used to decide whether
two sentences express various propositions.
Thus if there is any conceivable set of
circumstances in which one sentence is true, while
the other is false, we can be sure that they express
various propositions.
Practice
Exercise: Consider the following pairs of sentences. In
each case, say whether there are any circumstances of
which one member of the pair could be true and the
other false (assuming in each case that the same name,
e.g. Harry, refers to the same person).
(1) Harry took out the garbage
Harry took the garbage out Yes / No
(2) John gave Mary a book
Mary was given a book by John Yes / No
Practice
Exercise: Consider the following pairs of sentences. In
each case, say whether there are any circumstances of
which one member of the pair could be true and the
other false (assuming in each case that the same name,
e.g. Harry, refers to the same person).
(3) Isobel loves Tony
Tony loves Isobel Yes / No
(4) George danced with Ethel
George didn’t dance with Ethel Yes / No
(5) Dr Findlay killed Janet
Dr Findlay caused Janet to die Yes / No
Proposition
True propositions correspond to facts
False propositions do not correspond to facts
Eg.
Quy Nhon City is in Binh Dinh Province. T
New York is the capital city of the USA. F
Proposition
One can entertain propositions in mind
regardless of whether they are T or F, eg. by
thinking them, believing them.
Only true propositions can be known.
Uttering a declarative sentence asserting a
proposition
Uttering an interrogative or imperative sentence
mentioning a particular proposition, not
asserting its truth
Eg. ‘John can go’ - ‘Can John go?’
‘You will go away’ - ‘Go away, will you?’
Utterances – Sentences - Propositions
Fill in the chart with ‘+’ (if it makes sense) or ‘-’ (if it does not)
Utterances Sentences Propositions
Can be loud or + - -
quiet
Can be + + -
grammatical or
not
Can be true or + + +
false
In a particular + - -
regional accent
In a particular + + -
language
Family tree relationship
Proposition
Sentence Sentence Sentence
Utterance Utterance Utterance Utterance Utterance
Utterance
Practice
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