CHAPTER 1

(week 1-3)
Strain Analysis
 What is plane strain?
• Perpendicular force applied on a
surface
• With a very large z-axis dimension
 plane strain
 What is plane stress?
• Thin plate loaded parallel to the plane
• Uniform over the thickness
• No stress along z-axis
 GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION

 Transform normal & shear

strain
 x, y component to x’, y’
 SIGN CONVENTION!!
 strain x and y are positive
if cause elongation along x
and y axis
 Shear strain xy is positive
if the interior angle AOB
become smaller than 900.
 0 will be positive
counterclockwise
 Normal Strains, x , y

• In Fig a :
dx  dx ' cos 
dy  dx ' sin 

 x = x/dx
• Positive x occur line dx
elongated x dx
• which cause line dx’ to
elongated
 x dx cos .
 Normal Strains, x , y
• Similiar for y
 y = y/dy
• cause line dy’ to
elongated
 y dy sin 
 Shear strain, xy
• Shear strain, is angle in radian
• For small angle tan 
• Shear strain xy ,since tan 
• tan xyxy= xy /dy
 dy displaced xy dy to the right.
• Solve along x’  dx’ elongate
 xy dy cos 
 Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

• Adding all the elongations

 x '   x dx cos    y dy sin    xy dy cos
dx  dx ' cos 
x '

x'  dy  dx '
sin 
dx '

 x (dx ' cos ) cos    y (dx ' sin ) sin    xy (dx ' sin ) cos 
x' 
dx '
 x '   x cos 2    y sin 2    xy sin  cos 
 Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

 x '   x cos 2    y sin 2    xy sin  cos 

cos 2   sin 2   1
cos 2   (1  cos 2 ) / 2
sin 2  2 sin  cos 
hence
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

Using trigonometric identities:

 x ' y'  x  y  
   sin 2  xy cos 2
2  2  2
 2 2
• Principal Strains x  y   x   y    xy 
– Only normal strains 1, 2       

– No shear strain
2  2   2 

 xy
tan 2 p 
• Direction axis of principle
strain:
( x   y )
2 2
 max,in  plane   x   y    xy 
     
• Max in Plane shear strain 2  2   2 

x  y
 ave 
• Ave shear strain 2
 x  y 
tan 2s   
• Direction axis of shear strain   
 xy 
Construction of the Mohr’s Circle
• (horizontal) represents the normal
strain , with positive to the right
• (vertical) represents half the value
of the shear strain, /2, with
positive downward.
• center of the circle C, is on the
 axis,  avg= ( x +  y)/2 from the
origin.
• Plot point A = ( x,  xy/2).
Represents  = .
• R = distance between A to C
• Once R has been determined,
sketch the circle centred C
 2 2
• Principal Strains x  y   x   y    xy 
– Only normal strains 1, 2       

– No shear strain
2  2   2 

 xy
tan 2 p 
• Direction axis of principle
strain:
( x   y )
2 2
 max,in  plane   x   y    xy 
     
• Max in Plane shear strain 2  2   2 

x  y
 ave 
• Ave shear strain 2
 x  y 
tan 2s   
• Direction axis of shear strain   
 xy 
 Principal Strain

• Principal strain = no shear

strain
 B, D =  , 
• Angle on Mohrs circle = 2
 critical angle = (angle
between CA to horizantal )/2
• Direction of plane same as
circle
• +ve value = elongate at plane
 Maximum In Plane Shear Strain
• At points E and F. i.e
= 2R
• Angle is halves the
same direction as on
circle
• E.g line CA to CE
 Strains on Arbitrary Plane

• Similar as value at arbitrary

plane (other plane angle)
• Correspond normal and shear
strain at P & Q
 Strain Rosettes

• The axes of the three

gauges are arranged at the
angles of a, b, c.
• If the reading of a, b, c
taken, x, y, xy can be
defined.
• Value of x, y, xy are
determined by solving
these equations.
 a   x cos 2 a   y sin 2 a   xy sin a cos a
Not  b   x cos 2  b   y sin 2  b   xy sin  b cos  b
given
 c   x cos 2 c   y sin 2 c   xy sin c cos c
 45o or Rectangular Rosette

 a  00
 b  450
 c  90 0

The equation become:

 x  a
 y  c
 xy  2 b   a   c 

Example of 45o strain rosette

 600 Strain Rosette

a  00
 b  60 0
c  1200

The equation become:

 x  a
1
y  2 b  2 c   a 
3
2
 xy   b   c 
3
Example
 Stress Strain Relationship
• If a material subject to triaxial
stress (x, y, z), associated
normal stress(x, y, z) developed
in the material.

• When x is applied in x-
direction, the element elongated
with x in x direction.

• Application on y cause the

' x
element to contract with a given  x 
strain ” x in the x direction. 
''
y
• Application Of z cause the  x  
element to contract with a strain 
’’’ x in the x direction. Not
given ''' z
 x  

 Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

• The same result can be given 1

developed for the normal
x 

 x   y   z 
strain in the y and z 1
direction.  y   y   x   z 

• Final results can be Not 1
written as….. given  z   z   x   y 

 Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

Applying only shear stress,y to the element.

 If to apply shear stress,y to the element.
 xy will only cause deformation to xy.
 xy will not cause deformation to [Link] xz
 yz and xzwill only cause deformation to yz
and xz respectively.
 Hooke Law for shear stress and shear
strain written as:
1
given
 xy   xy
G
1
 yz   yz
G
Not 1
given
 xz   xz
G
Element subjected to normal Shear stress applied to the
stresses only elements
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

• Modulus of elasticity, E is E
G
related to shear modulus, G. given
21  

• Dilatation (the change in 1  2

volume per unit volume or e  x   y   z 
E
‘volumetric strain’, e.
Not
given
E
• Bulk Modulus (volume k
modulus of elasticity), k.
31  2 
pressure=stress