BLUE GREEN ALGAE
GENERAL
CHARECTERS
OCCURRENCE:
fresh water, sea water,
salt marshes, moist rocks,
tree trunks, moist soils,
hot springs, frozen
waters
• Cyanobacteria may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous.
Each filament consists of a sheath of mucilage and one or
more cellular strands called trichomes.
unicellular colonial filamentous
• Single trichome filaments may further be of two types, homocystous
(undifferentiated) and heterocystous (differentiated, having heterocysts,)
Ossilatoria (homocystous) Nostoc (heterocystous)
• Flagella are absent.
• Locomotion in cyanobacteria is through gliding movement
• They are phototrophic in nature
CELL STRUCTURE
• Cell structure is typically
prokaryotic
•The ribosome is of 70s type
•Cell wall is made up of
peptidoglycon
•The outer part of the proto
plast contains a number of
photosynthetic thylakoids.
• Attached to the thylakoid membranes are small granules known as
phycobilisomes. The latter possess accessory photosynthetic
pigments known as phycobilins. The phycobilins are of three
types— phycocyanin (blue), allophycocyanin (blue) and
phycoerythrin (red)
A circular, double stranded DNA lies coiled generally in the central
part of the cytoplasm known as centroplasm
• Cyanobacterias also contain a specialized cells called
HETEROCYSTS which help in atmospheric nitrogen fixation
• they reproduce through asexual modes which includes
fragmentation and binary fission
NOSTOC
Nostoc is a
prokaryotic
cyanobacteria
It is found usually in
streams, moist places
and paddy fields
Each filament is un-
branched.
The contorted wavy
filaments of Nostoc are called
TRICHOMES
Filaments are covered by
mucilaginous sheath
In a filament there are cells
which are usually large ,
pocess polar nodules, have
and pocess transparent
contents . Such cells are
called as heterocyst which
are used in nitrogen fixation
Nostoc filament also
pocesses cells with
resting spores known as
AKINETS
REPRODUCTION IN NOSTOC
• Binary fission: It is a simple cell division. The genetic material
replicates. They move to opposite poles. A ring like outgrowth
appears in the middle of the cell. It divides the cell into two.
FRAGMENTATION
Old trichome becomes very large and irregular due to which it gets to break
up into short fragments. These short fragments of trichome divide vegetative
cells and develop into new trichome
• Akinetes:
In unfavourable conditions, vegetative cell stores enough food materials and
get enlarged in size. They secrete thick wall around and undergo into resting
period. In return of favourable condition, akinetes germinate and give rise to
new trichome.
• HORMOGONES
• Hormogones are the short fragment of trichomes. Hormogones are developed
in the region of heterocyst. Then they came out of the trichome due to some
movement. They divide vegetative cells and developed heterocyst and again
get surrounded by mucilage sheath. In this way, new trichome is formed.
THROUGH HETEROCYST:
• In some species of Nostoc, heterocyst cell divides transversely and form (2-
4) celled hormogones. These hormogones come out by bursting the thick
wall of heterocyst and germination occurs to give rise to new trichome.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF
CYANOBACTERIA
• They are one of the early colonizers of bare and barren areas. They provide
suitable conditions for the growth of other organisms even in the most hostile
environment
• Cyanobacteria have heterocysts. These heterocysts are involved in the
fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
• Osicllatoria and few other cyanobacteria are used as pollution indicator.
• Many species of cyanobacteria form water blooms. It produces
unpleasant smell .A large amount of organic matter is
suspended in water blooms, it makes water unfit for drinking.
• They release Oxygen in Environment during their
photosynthetic activity.
• Some species of cyanobacteria form toxin .This toxin kill the
animals which drink this water.
• Super blue green algae form excessive [Link] are single
celled [Link] produce food by
[Link] blue green algae are complete whole
[Link] contain 60% [Link] protein has all essential
amino acids .
• Blue green algae function as food to several aquatic animals.
• Antibiotic can be manufactured from extract of Lyngbia.
• Species of Anabaena and Aulosira do not allow mosquito larvae to grow nearby.
Such cyanobacteria can be inoculated in ponds and rice fields to prevent the
growth of mosquitoes.
Lyngbia Aulosira
IMPORTANCE OF SPIRULINA
• It is rich in protiens vitamins and minerals hence it is consumed as food int the
form of tablets and powders
• Detoxes Heavy Metals (especially Arsenic)
• Lowers Blood Pressure
• Reduces Cholesterol
• Lowers Chance of Stroke
• Alleviates Sinus Issues
SPIRULINA
ALGAL BLOOM
Merismopedia Crinalium Scytonema
Thank you
BY,
SOURABHA B R
1 [Link] CBB
Rivularia
