WELCOME!
Chapter 2: PLURALITY OF ENGLISH
Prepared by: DANIEL C. TORALBA, LPT
Lesson 1
W rld
Englishes
World English vs. World Englishes
World Englishes is the language used in business, trade and diplomacy and other
international activities, while world Englishes refers to the varieties of English from
the different regions of the world. It is a term referring to the emerging Englishes
which are products of influences by the United Kingdom or the United States.
Globalization is considered as important factor in the spread of English
(Schneider, 2011). Additionally, Quirk (1998, cited in Kachru 1990) states that
because of demographical, economic, cultural, and imperia factors, language
spreads.
Motivational Continuum of World Englishes
(NCWEs)
Diffusion Induction Customization Native Recognition
English is spread of English is officially L1 and other local People start to use
colonization, accepted as a language start to English
globalization or by language used for reshaped English unconsciously
any other means. education, trade, slowly by giving it a without associating
communication, so local touch. with its parent
on. Indigenous words varieties.
form and structure
get incorporated into
English.
Kachru’s
Concentric Circle
Kachru (1985) proposes this
concentric circle to illustrate the
spread of English all over the world.
Each circle in this model
represents the kind of function and
acquisition in which English language
is used.
1. Inner Circle
(ENL)
The Inner Circle Englishes in the
model refer to the parent countries
of English. These countries are the
colonizing nations in our history.
Through colonization, they have
spread English to the other regions
of the world.
2. Outer Circle
(ESL)
Belongs to the territories by the
parent countries of English. English in
this circle, is considered as nonnative
language and is used for functions
like education, law, and government
transactions.
3. Expanding
Circle (EFL)
Considers as a foreign language.
This encompasses countries where
English has no historical or
governmental roles. Nevertheless,
English is still used for very limited
transactions and mostly for
international communications only.
The Power of English
o Range – refers to the totality of functions which it has required as it
spreads around the globe.
o Depth – refers to the amount of societal penetration it has achieved.
Parameter of the power of the language:
o Demographical and Numerical – unprecedented spread across
cultures and language; on practically even continent.
o Functional – provides access to the most important scientific,
technological and cross-cultural domains of knowledge and
interaction.
o Attitudinal – symbolizes-certainly to a large group across culture – one
or more of the following: neutrality, liberalism, status and
progressivism.
Parameter of the power of the language:
o Accessibility – provides international accessibility in the outer circle
and international mobility across regions.
o Pluricentricity – this has resulted in the nativization and acculturation
of the language. These two are, the, responsible for the ‘assimilation’
of English across cultures.
o Material – a tool for mobility, economic gains, and social status.
Lesson 2
Philippine
English
Philippine English
Is one of the very few American-translated Englishes. It is a variety
of English used by around 42 million or 70% of the population. The
Filipinos where able to adapt and learn English after being colonized
by the Americans (Gonzales, 1996).
Though some may contest its acceptability, we must always
remember that language is alive and evolving. It does not exist in the
vacuum. S such, differences in language use may occur as a result of
geographical, cultural, or historical reasons.
Lesson 3
Multilingualis
m
A son has an English-
DAD
speaking father who is a ENGLISH MOM
native of the UK and a mother ENGLISH
who is pure Chinese. She
speaks Mandarin. The family
lives in Hong Kong where the
language spoken by the
community is Cantonese. The SON
SCHOOL
child attends elementary CANTONESE
education in a private school
whose main language is
Cantonese.
Questions to ponder:
1. What language/s could the child be using?
2. What phenomenon could the child be experiencing when he
is being able to speak 2 or more languages?
3. What are the advantages of such a phenomenon?
Multilingualism
Is generally understood to mean knowledge of more
languages than a native language. It is a language term
that moves from monolingualism (knowing one language)
beyond bilingualism (knowing two languages) into the
realm of knowing many, or multiple, languages.
Types of Multilingualism
• Maximal Multilingual • Minimal Multilingual
These are speakers who are These are speakers who can
equally proficient in two or successfully cut across their
more languages. messages even if they are not
fluent in the second language.
Causes of Multilingualism
1. Globalization and
Cultural Exchanges
and Colonization
Causes of Multilingualism
2. Migration of
People
Causes of Multilingualism
3. Intermarriages
