TOURISM PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM PLATFORMS
ADAPTANCY PLATFORMS
– acknowledges that mass tourism has negative impacts but these can be minimized or avoided
with “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999), which refers to low-volume low impact forms of
tourism – the antithesis of mass tourism.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED PLATFORM
– views tourism from a holistic perspective; not just from the impacts and forms but in terms of
the underlying structures and functions.
Supports a critical analysis of tourism and is not inclined to labeling certain forms of
tourism.
SOCIAL JUSTICE PLATFORM
- Embraces “participatory processes involving open dialogue; inclusivity, resource distribution,
equity, equality, pro-poor planning; gender sensitivity; responsiveness to diversity” (Todes
2011)
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
ADVOCACY THEORIES
LAISSEZ FAIRE THEORY- it assumes that an industry, such as tourism, will function best when it
is left solely to market forces. It also known as LIBERAL ECONOMIC THEORY which means that the
government does not intervene in terms of policy, plans, regulations, guidelines, codes, or
standards.
MODERNIZATION THEORY – assumes that tourism contributes to the economic progress and
transformation of “traditional” societies into modern ones.
TRICKLE-DOWN THEORY – assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the
improvement of the living conditions of all.
NEOLIBERAL THEORY – the economy functions best when here is minimal government
intervention. Unlike laissez faire where there is virtually no control from government,
neoliberalism accepts the idea of government regulation but rejects government competing with
the private sector by being a business operator itself.
CAUTIONARY THEORIES
DEPENDANCY THEORY – tourism can actually worsen the plight of “third world” countries
because the “First world” countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter.
IRRIDEX MODEL – it states that residents’ attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate over the
destination life cycle as the negative consequences of tourism intensify.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM
PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
NO PLANNING
AD-HOC PLANNING – planning only as the need arises, such as planning
in preparation for a town fiesta or when an important visitor is coming.
INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING – when tourism is developed and
planned as an integrated system within itself and as part of an overall
tourism plan and total development patterns in an area (Chaisawat n.d.)
BOOSTERIST APPROACH –boosterism sees tourism as a positive force
economic development. Its primary goal is to maximize tourism
revenues through mass tourism.
PRODUCT-LED DEVELOPMENT – it suggest that the key to successful
tourism program is to provide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to
tourist.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
SPATIAL PLANING APPROACH – it is a type of product-led tourism
planning, but on a wider scale. It is focused on “destination
layout and design” and breaks down tourism into spatial units.
DEMAND – LED APPROACH – “know the customers and satisfy
them”. This is the key to success in tourism according to the
demand – led approach.
BUREAUCRATIC/GOVERNMENT – APPROACH – puts the
Government at the center of planning and development. It is the
primary and multi – tasking actor.
TWO TYPES:
CENTRAL PLANNING APPROACH
DEVOLVED PLANNING APPROACH
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
MIDDLE PATH APPROACH (BHUTAN MODEL)- the opposite of boosterism is low
volume, high-yield tourism, which Scheyvens called the middle path approach.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH – the place being considered for tourism development is
endowed with natural attractions of outstanding beauty; remote; beyond the reach of
commercial electric and water services; or protected by laws, such as protected areas
and ancestral domains of indigenous peoples.
Carrying capacity is one of the most important concept in environmental planning.
- it is defined as the “maximum number of people that may visit a tourist
destination as the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic,
sociocultural environment, and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitor’s
satisfaction”
Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) – attempts to delimit the conditions that are
deemed ideal for an area and sets up management strategies to achieve the
conditions.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
ECOTOURISM APPROACH – defined by the DOT (2002) as “a form of sustainable
tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area where community participation,
protection and management of natural resources, culture and indigenous knowledge
and practices, environmental education and ethics, as well as economic benefits are
fostered and pursued for the enrichment of host communities and satisfaction of
visitors.
SOCIAL APPROACH – it emphasizes the role of stakeholder in the tourism planning
process.
PARTICIPATORY/ STAKEHOLDER APPROACH – puts people at the center of the
planning process.
Stakeholders refers to groups of people, or entities, or individuals within a place who have
an interest in tourism because they will be affected by a decision to develop or not develop
tourism.
Stakeholders refer to the government at all levels, business owners, non-governmental
organizations, religious groups, schools, indigenous people, local residents, etc.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM – “tourism that is owned and/or managed
by communities and intended to deliver wider community benefit”
Example: trans active planning approach – “based on social learning theory and
transactive (interpersonal) interaction”.
PRO-POOR APPROACH – “tourism that generates net benefits for the
poor.
“the needs of the poor are prioritized over externally – oriented growth
imperatives”
FAIR TRADE TOURISM – “a response to the failure of conventional trade
to deliver sustainable livelihoods and development opportunities to
people in the poorest countries of the world”.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM APPROACH – “development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs”. (UNEP & UNWTO 2005)
Sustainable tourism, which was derived from the parent paradigm of sustainable
development is defined as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future
economic, social, and environment impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the
industry, the environment, and host communities”.
GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
1. Economic viability – the long-term viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises
2. Local prosperity – the maximization of the economic contribution of
tourism, particularly the proportion of spending retained locally.
3. Employment quality – the level of pay, working conditions, and
availability of work opportunities to all without discrimination.
4. Social equity – the widespread and fair distribution of economic and social benefits
and opportunities available to the poor.
5. Visitor fulfillment – the provision of safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience to visitors,
available to all without discrimination.
6. Local control – the engagement and empowerment of local communities in planning
and decision-making for tourism development in consultation with other stakeholders.
7. Community well-being- the enhancement of the quality of life in local communities as
indicated by social structures and access to resources, amenities, and life support
systems, and the absence of social degradation or exploitation.
8. Cultural richness – the respect for enhancement of the historic heritage,
authentic culture, traditions, and distinctiveness of host communities
9. Physical integrity – the maintenance and enhancement of the quality of
landscape, and avoiding the physical and visual degradation of the environment
10. Biological diversity – the support for the conservation of natural areas,
habitats, and wildlife and minimizing damage to them.
11. Resource efficiency – the minimization of use of scarce and non-renewable
resources.
12. Environmental purity – the minimization of all forms of pollution and waste
generation by tourism enterprises and visitors.
PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
The UNEP and UNWTO (2005) elaborate on the guiding principles and strategies of sustainable tourism development as
follows, divided into three key phases:
Setting the Course
1. Holistic
2. Multi-stakeholder engagement
3. Long-term perspective
4. Address both global and local impacts
5. Sustainable consumption
Developing the Approach
1. Polluter pays principle
2. Precautionary principle
3. Life cycle perspective
4. Considering functional alternatives
5. Respect limits
Ensuring ongoing process
1. Adapt to changes
2. Monitor with the use of indicators
Several aspects of sustainable tourism development were already captured by Gunn in 1988
with his proposed tourism planning guidelines.
PLANNING POLICY DIRECTIONS
The (tourism) development policy must emanate from the national
level.
Tourism policy should aim to achieve the following goals:
o Economic benefits
o High-quality visitor satisfaction
o Sustainable utilization of natural and cultural resources
Enhanced community quality of life
o There should be a balance of social, economic and environment goals.
o Tourism planning must enlist the cooperation, assistance and inputs from constituents
o The roles of various tourism entities must be clarified
o Slow-paced indigenous tourism is best.
PLANNING PROCESSES
Planning must be systematic and integrated.
Market-supply match is essential. Markets (push) and supply (pull) factors are important.
Capitalize on the special attributes of an area.
Not all areas are suitable for tourism development.
Planning is a continuous process.
Natural and cultural resources provide the foundation (for tourism development ) but they have capacity
limits. Thus, they should be protected through careful site design and management.
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Urban and rural areas depend on each other for tourism growth.
Clustering is superior to dispersal because it facilitates better crowd control, more efficient use of
infrastructure, and results in time saving for tourists.
Services depend on attractions. Develop tourist attractions first, then provide the services needed by
the tourists.
Transportation requires special planning; engineering and technology must be supplemented with
understanding of travel market segments
Short- stay and longer-stay tourism should be both developed as they complement each other. Short-
stay tourists engage in passive activities in tour circuits while longer-stay tourists engage in repetitive
and active pursuits.
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GOD BLESS <3
