G&G View

Completion Engineer View

Production Engineer View
Petroleum/Reservoir Engineer View
Management View
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
What is Reservoir Engineering
• Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that
applies scientific principles to the fluid flow through porous medium
during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as
to obtain a high economic recovery.
3-D VIEW OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS
 Porosity
Represented by: φ
( Volume of Voids ) x 100
Total Volume of Rock
Range from 5 to 30%
• Primary: formed during deposition
• Secondary: formed after deposition

rombohedrally packed grain sorting, silt, clay and

spheres: f = 26% cementation effect porosity
 Porosity
Represented by: φ
( Volume of Voids ) x 100
Range from 5 to 30% Total Volume of Rock
– Primary: formed during deposition
– Secondary: formed after deposition

rombohedrally packed grain sorting, silt, clay and

spheres: f = 26% cementation effect porosity
 Porosity

Vp Vb  Vma
Porosity    
Vb Vb
Rock Matrix and Pore Space

Rock matrix Pore space

 Permeability
• There must be some continuity between pores to have
permeability.

• Q = k A /µ * dp/ dL
• A= Cross sectional Area
• µ = Fluid viscosity
• dP= Differential Pressure
• dL= Length
 Permeability
• There must be some continuity between pores to have
permeability.

• Q = A k/µ * dp/ dL
• A= Cross sectional Area
• µ= Fluid viscosity
• dP= Differential Pressure
• dL= Length
Effect of Grain Size on Permeability

Fig 1-
Saturation vs Grain Size
 Saturation
• Amount of water per unit volume = f Sw
• Amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume = f
(1 - Sw)
Contact Angle as a Measure of Wetting
3-Wettability & Capillary Pressure:
Oil-Water Contact : Transition Zone
 PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION

Petroleum reservoir fluids are composed mainly of hydrocarbon

constituents.
Petroleum deposits occurring as a gaseous state are Natural Gas,
and in the liquid state as Petroleum Oil or Crude Oil.

Reservoir Gasses are mainly composed of Hydrocarbon molecules

of small & medium sizes and some light non-hydrocarbon
compounds (such as N2 & CO2).

Reservoir Oils are mainly composed of heavier Hydrocarbons.

Crude Oil composition is of major consideration in petroleum

refining to determine the suitable chemicals needed to extract the
products.
PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION

API classification for the crude oil according to the

following Equ.:
°API = (141.5/SGr) - 131.5
Where,
SGr : is the stock tank oil specific gravity OR relative
density (to water at 60 °F).
 Black Oil Volatile Oil

The Five
Dewpoint line
Pressure path Critical
in reservoir 1 point

Pressure path 2

Reservoir
in reservoir
Dewpoint line Volatile oil

0
Critical

80 9
60 0
point

7
Pressure, psia

Pressure

50
Black Oil
% Liquid

40
in
tl
in
90

30
% Liquid

o
e 80

ep
in
tl

Fluids

l
bb
oi
n 7900

20
Bu
ep 60
bbl
Bu

50
10

40
33

30
5
20

10
Separator Separator
line
p oint
Dew
Temperature, °F Temperature

Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path
Pressure path
in reservoir in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
e
in
tl
in
po

e
li n
w

line
De

Pressure

int
Wet gas
Pressure

Pressure

t
po

oin
Dry gas

w
Critical

p
De
e
lin

Dew
point
nt

% Liquid
oi

300
4
ep

Critical % Liquid
20

% Liquid
bl

15 point
b

30 e int
Bu

30 2
lin epo

1 2
l
bb

25

1
Bu

50
5

25
Separator Separator

1
Separator 0

Temperature Temperature Temperature

Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

 Field Identification
Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry
Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial <1750 1750 to > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Producing 3200
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock- < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Tank Liquid Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of Stock- Dark Colored Lightly Water No
Tank Liquid Colored White Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes

Volumes in Surface vs. Downhole

Fig 1-33
 PVT ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS
PVT PARAMETERS:
Solution-Gas Oil Ratio (Gas solubility) (Rs):=====SCF/STB

Rsi
Gas Solubility
SCF/STB

UnderSaturated
Saturated

Pb Pr
0
Pressure (psi)
 PVT ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS

PVT PARAMETERS:

Oil Formation Volume Factor (o) :BBL/STB

V1 Barrels
Of oil under
reservoir conditions
Oil formation volume

1.2
factor BBL/STB

V1-V2
1.1
UnderSaturated
Saturated V2 barrels
of stock tank oil

Pb Pr
1 +

Pressure (psi) Liberated Gas

 PVT ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS
PVT PARAMETERS:
Gas Formation Volume Factor (g):=====BBL/SCF
 PVT ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS
PVT PARAMETERS:
Viscosity:
Oil Viscosity cp

UnderSaturated
Saturated

Pb Pr
0
Pressure (psi)
 PVT ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS
PVT PARAMETERS:
Viscosity:
Oil Viscosity cp

UnderSaturated
Saturated

Pb Pr
0
Pressure (psi)
Oil Reservoir Drive
Mechanisms
• Solution-gas drive
• Gas-cap drive
• Water drive
• Combination drive
• Gravity-drainage drive
Reservoir Energy Sources
· Liberation, expansion of solution gas
· Influx of aquifer water
· Expansion of reservoir rock
· Expansion of original reservoir fluids
- Free gas
- Interstitial water
- Oil, if present
• Gravitational forces
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Oil producing wells

Oil

A. Original Conditions

a ted
er
Oil producing wells Li b
t ion
l u
so s
Imagine testing
ga the same well
after 2 years

B. 50% Depleted
Cross Section
Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Oil producing well

Oil Oil
zone Gas cap zone

Cross Section
Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs Typical
Production Characteristics

Pressure, psia
1300
Reservoir pressure
1200
1100

Gas/oil ratio, scf/STB

1000
900 800
Gas/oil ratio
600
Oil production rate,

400
2 200
MSTB/D

0
Oil
1

Time, years
Production data
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Edgewater Drive

Oil producing well

Oil Zone

Water Water

Cross Section
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs Bottomwater
Drive

Oil producing well

Oil Zone

Water

Cross Section
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs Typical
Production Characteristics

Pressure, psia
2300

Gas/oil ratio, MSCF/STB

2200 Reservoir pressure
2100
2000 Gas/oil ratio
2
1900 1 40

Water cut, %
0 30
Oil production rate,

100 Water
20
80 10
MSTB/D

60 0
Oil
40
20
0

Time, years
Production data
RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM
4-GRAVITY DRIVE MEHANISMS
Closed3-WATER
In DRIVE RESERVOIR

DEPTH
Initial G.O.C

Present G.O.C

O.W.C

Low to moderate activity aquifer

Gravity Drive is typically active during the

final stage of a depletion reservoir
Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Gas cap

Oil zone

Water

Cross Section
Average Recovery Factors
Oil Reservoirs

Average Oil Recovery

Drive Mechanism Factors,
% of OOIP
Range Average
Solution-gas drive 5 - 30 15
Gas-cap drive 15 - 50 30
Water drive 30 - 60 40
Gravity-drainage 16 - 85 50
drive