Dr.

Shahzad Ali
Department of Chemical Engineering
COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore campus
Email: [email protected] Office#191 (PhD faculty block)
 Recommended
1. Books
Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Process by Binary K.
Dutta
2. Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer
(5th Edition) by Welty and Wicks.
3. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5Edition)
th by
McCabe Smith.
4. SeparationProcess Principles (2nd Edition) by Seader and
Henley
 Recommended
1. Books
Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Process by Binary K.
Dutta
2. Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer
(5th Edition) by Welty and Wicks.
3. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5Edition)
th by
McCabe Smith.
4. SeparationProcess Principles (2nd Edition) by Seader and
Henley
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
(CLO) of MTO

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES DOMAIN/

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TK / GS LEVEL PLO
(CLO) ELEMENTS

Student should be able to describe

Describe the basic principles of mass transfer the basic principles of mass transfer
CLO 1 phenomena in Chemical Engineering processes phenomena in Chemical TK C 2 1
and operations. Engineering processes and
operations.
Student should be able to solve
CLO 2 Solve problems using principles of mass transfer problems using principles of mass TK C 3 1
transfer
Ability to analyze mass transfer
CLO 3 Analyze mass transfer operations and equipment operations and equipment required TK C 4 2
for the separation
Ability to design mass transfer
CLO 4 Design equipment related to mass transfer operation operations and equipment required TK C 6 3
for the separation
 Diffusion

Molecular diffusion Eddy diffusion

Thermal motion Turbulence
Concentration gradient
Mass Concentration
Molar Concentration
Mole/Mass fractions
Problem

T = 275 K

P = 250 kPa

Total mass concentration??

Average molecular weight??

Total mass concentration??

 Problem

Solve yourself
 Mass average velocity
In an n-component mixture,

𝑛
∑ 𝑛𝑖=1 𝜌 𝑖𝑢 𝑖 1
∑
𝑢= = 𝑖
∑ 𝑛𝑖 =1𝜌𝑖 𝜌 𝑢
𝑖 =1 𝑖
𝜌
Where ui is the linear velocity of the ith species in the concerned direction. The
quantity ui does not mean the instantaneous velocity of a molecule of the component.
It is rather a statistical mean of the velocities of the molecules of component (i) in the
given direction.

This velocity which we can measure by a flow measuring device such as an

anemometer.
1. Principle of mass transfer and separation processes by Binay Dutta
2. The fundamental of momentum, heat and mass transfer by welty
 Molar average velocity
Similarly, the molar average velocity of a mixture, U, is defined as

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
∑ 𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶 𝑖𝑢 𝑖 1
∑ 𝐶𝑢 =∑
𝐶
𝑢� = ∑
𝑈= = 𝑖 𝑖
∑ 𝑛𝑖 =1𝐶𝑖 𝐶 �
𝑖 =1 𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑥 𝑢 𝑖 =1 𝑖
𝐶
If the concentration of a solute in a solution is small, the contribution of the motion of
the solute molecules to the average velocity also remains small. So the average
becomes virtually equal to the velocity of the medium or the solvent. Again, if the
molecular weights of all the species are equal, the mass and the molar average
velocities are the same (this is very simple to prove)
 Numerical Problem
Problem 3: A gas mixture containing (H2=15%, CO=30%, CO2=5% and N2=50%)
flows through a tube of 1inch diameter, at 15bar total pressure. If the velocities of the
respective components are 0.05m/s, 0.03m/s, 0.02m/s and 0.03m/s, calculate the mass
average and molar average velocities of the mixture.
Solution
Let suppose H2 =1 CO=2 CO2 =3 N2 =4
1
Mol avg velocity 𝑈 = 𝐶 ∑𝑛𝑖 =1 𝑖 Species M
𝑖
(i) y u (m/s) yu (MW) yMu
𝐶𝑢 1
𝑈 = (𝐶1𝑢1 + 𝐶2𝑢2 + 𝐶3𝑢3 + 𝐶4𝑢4)
𝐶 H2 0.15 0.05 0.0075 2 0.015
𝐶𝑖 CO 0.3 0.03 0.009 28 0.252
𝑦=
𝐶 CO2 0.05 0.02 0.001 44 0.044
𝑈 = 𝑦1𝑢1 + 𝑦2𝑢2 + 𝑦3𝑢3 + 𝑦4𝑢4
N2 0.5 0.03 0.015 28 0.42
By putting values we get U=0.0325 m/s
Mass avg velocity 𝑢 = ρ1 ∑𝑖𝑛 =1 𝑖
1 𝑖
ρ𝑢
𝑢 = (ρ1𝑢1 + ρ2u2 + ρ3u3 +
ρ4u4) ρ
We know that
ρ� = 𝑃 𝑖 𝑀𝑖 Or ρ = 𝑃
𝑀
𝑅𝑇
� Species M
𝑅𝑇
(i) y u (m/s) yu (MW) yMu
𝑃𝑖
𝜌 𝑀 𝑃𝑀 𝑀
𝑖
= 𝑅𝑇 𝑖
=
𝑖 𝑖
= 𝑦𝑖
𝑖
𝜌 𝑃 𝑀 𝑃. 𝑀 H2 0.15 0.05 0.0075 2 0.015
𝑅𝑇 𝑀
CO 0.3 0.03 0.009 28 0.252
𝑀 = 𝑦1𝑀1 + 𝑦2𝑀2 + 𝑦3𝑀3 + 𝑦4𝑀4 CO2 0.05 0.02 0.001 44 0.044
M=24.9 kmol N2 0.5 0.03 0.015 28 0.42
𝑢 =1 y1M1u1 + y2M2u2 + y3M3u3 + y4M4u4
𝑀
Putting values we get u= 0.0294 m/s
 Numerical Problem

Problem 2: A gas mixture (N2=5%, H2= 15%, NH3=76% and Ar=4%) flows through a pipe, 25.4mm in diameter, at 4.05 bar
total pressure. If the velocities of the respective components are 0.03 m/s, 0.035 m/s, 0.03 m/s and 0.02 m/s, calculate
the mass average and molar average velocities of the mixture.

Solve yourself
Frame of references
 Numerical
Problem 3: One kmole of gas mixture at a total pressure of 250 kPa and 303 K
4
problem
contains 10% CH , 30% C H , and 60% H by volume. The absolute velocities of each
2 6 2
species are -10 m/s, -5 m/s, and 15 m/s, respectively, all in the direction of the z-
axis. (a) Determine the molar average velocity, Umol for the mixture. (b) Evaluate the
four fluxes: JCH4-mol, NCH4-mol.
 Do it
yourself
Problem 4: Gas containing (H2=20%, CO=40%, CO2=10% and N2=30%) flows through pipe,
at 10bar total pressure. If the velocities of the respective components are 0.07m/s,
0.02m/s, 0.05m/s and 0.06m/s, calculate the mass average and molar average velocities of
the mixture.

Problem 5: One kmole of gas mixture at a total pressure of 200 kPa and 350 K contains
40% CH4, 30% C2H6, and 30% C3H8 by volume. If the absolute velocities of each species are
-5 m/s, -15 m/s, and 10 m/s, respectively, all in the direction of the z-axis. (a) Determine
the molar average velocity, Umol for the mixture. (b) Evaluate the four fluxes: JCH4-mol, NCH4-
mol.
 Theory of Mass Transfer Adolf Eugen Fick
(i) Fick’s Law of diffusion (1829–1901)

 Net transfer of mass from one location to

another
 Concentration gradient
 Simple explanation by Fick’s Law
number of particles/moles of A
= 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 Point A x Point B
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

dC 𝑑 𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴
J A  N A  D A A 𝐽𝐴𝖺 𝐶𝑑 𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝐽𝐴 = − 𝐷𝐴 𝑑𝑥
a dx 𝐵

Units: J = gmol. s-1. m -2, N = gmol s-1,C = gmol m-3 and D = m2. s-1.
1. Principle of mass transfer and separation
processes by Binay Dutta
2. The fundamental of momentum, heat and mass
How mass transfer rate can be increased? transfer by welty
Molar flux of A in a binary mixture w.r.t stationary
observer Fick’s law of diffusion
𝐽 𝐴 𝖺 𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑍
Or

𝐽𝐴= − 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝐶 𝐴

𝑍

General equation
𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 − 𝐷𝐴
𝐶 𝐵 𝑑𝑍

Bulk motion Molecular diffusion