ADHESIVES
wettability
Surface tension
Resistance to the deformation of the surface is
known as surface tension.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Adhesive Bonding
Advantages Disadvantages
No stress concentrations due to Strength is dependent upon the
piercing of the adherend condition of the adherend surface
Improved fatigue resistance Limited non destructive quality
control methods
Lighter weight structures Can be more expensive
Ability to join and seal Bond quality is dependent upon many
simultaneously variables
Ability to join shock-sensitive No single universal adhesive for all
substrates applications
Can be less expensive than Limited disassembly and repair
mechanical fasteners
Process can be easily automated
CLASSIFICATION OF AN
ADHESIVES
General classification of adhesives
1-Thermosetting adhesives
Thermosets molecules are cross-linked by strong
covalent intermolecular bonds, forming one giant
molecule. Cross-linking is irreversible therefore
thermosets can not be reprocessed (re-melt). Cross-
linking is achieved in curing process initiated by heat,
chemical agents, radiation or evaporation ofSolvents.
Curing results in sharp increase of strength, elasticity
and stability of thermosets.
Most of thermosetting adhesives are based on epoxies,
polyesters, polyimides and phenolics.
1-Thermosetting adhesives
1. PF resin:- it is sold as a solid, liquid or
impregnated film. The resin is first coated on
the two surfaces to be bonded & then, cured by
heating & pressing.
The bond film of resin form is hard, highly
resistant to the action of insects, fungi, water
etc.
Uses:- for making water proof plywood,
laminates & bonding articles in aircraft & ship
building industries.
2. UF resin:- it is transparent, syrupy compound,
which can be used as- such or after mixing with
water. The addition of water helps in formation
of cross linkages, promotes raid setting & also
helps in avoiding cracks in the bond film
produced
Bond film produced by UF resin is quite strong,
good resistant to moisture insects & fungi.
Uses:- for bonding wooden surfaces, plywood,
laminates, articles in aircraft & ship ind.
3. Polyesters:-when mixed with alkyd resin work
as good adhesive. They posses good moisture
resistance, but low heat resistance.
Uses:- they are employed for making
laminated glass & cloths.
4. Epoxy resins [araldite]:- compound may be
used in solid or liquid form. Usually they are
modified by adding some external compounds
like unsat fatty acid or amine & some solvents.
Uses :- for bonding glass, metallic & ceramic
articles.
5. Silicon resin:- posses strong power to
adhesion, water repellency intentness against
living organism, marked stability at elevated
temp. immunity to chem. & atmospheric
condition.
Uses :- for bonding metals, ceramics, plastics,
rubbers etc.
2-Thermoplastic adhesives
Thermoplastics are Polymers, which soften (become
pliable and plastic) and melt when heated. No new
cross-links form (no chemical curing) when a
thermoplastic cools and harden. Thermoplastics may
be reprocessed many times by heating or applying a
solvent. Molecules of most of thermoplastics
combine long polymer chains alternating with
monomer units.
Polyamides, cyanoacrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl
acetate (PVA) are typical thermoplastic adhesives.
Thermoplastic adhesives
1. Cellulose derivatives:-
Admixed with alcohol- “collodion”
Cemeting film developed is tough, highly water
proof but inflammable & effected by strong
acids & alkali
Uses :- in cloth & footwear ind,
2. Acrylics :- like plexiglass when used in solution
form perfect adhesive film which are stable
under all conditions of use.
Uses :- in bonding cloth, paper , glass , leather etc
3. Polyvinyls :- bonded film is hard, resistant
towards light atmosphere & chemicals.
Uses:- for bonding non porous surfaces like
glass, metal etc & in sealing operation in food
ind.
3-Natural resin adhesive
1. Shellac resin :- is one of the oldest adhesive,it
posses good bond strength, good hardness &
low thermal conductivity.
Uses:- in making belts conveyors etc.
2. Asphalt :- is a crude adhesive.
Uses :- in bonding paper, cloth & also metal
bonding.
4-Starch adhesives
They are made by heating a starch suspension
in a water for small time, these adhesive are
cheap, spread easily dry quickly, do not give
any foul smell, can be applied in cold as well as
hot state.
Uses :- for manufacturing envelops , stamps,
note book, binding books & other paper goods
5-Inorganic adhesives
The bond is fungus resistant but moisture
reduces its strength. At high temp. the bond
does not crack but its strength is reduced .
Uses :- for making packing kits, paper boxes,
card board container etc.
6-Vegetable Glue
Protein glue:-
Are prepared from soya bean, corn, casein,
albumin, pea nuts etc.
Vegetable glue have poor bond strength as
compared with other glue but they are much
cheaper.
Uses :- for common adhesive job.
7-Animal glues
They are popular variety of protein glues,
prepared from the bones of dead animals,
wastes of animals, wastes of slaughter houses
& hide scrapes from leather ind.
They have good adhesive strength but poor
resistant towards moisture & fungus.
Uses :- in manufacturing furnitures, radio
cabinets, card boxes etc.
8- Elastomeric adhesives
Elastomers are polymers possessing high elasticity
- may be reversibly stretched at high degree.
Elastomers consists of long lightly cross-linked
molecules. Elastomers are set (strengthened) by
thermal curing or solvent evaporation. Curing
results in increase of cross-linking of the molecules.
Typical elastomeric adhesives are based on
natural rubbers, silicones, acrylonitride butadiene (
nitrile),neoprene, Butyl, polyurethane,
styrene-butadiene.
