Ameloblast Life Cycle Overview
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AME DENTAL COLLEGE RAICHUR, KARNATAKAAmeloblast Life Cycle Overview
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AME DENTAL COLLEGE RAICHUR, KARNATAKA- Enamel Introduction: Introduction to the concept of enamel with visual representation.
- Parts of Tooth: Illustrations and labels for different parts of a tooth, focusing on enamel, dentin, pulp, and other elements.
- Specialties of Enamel: Details the unique characteristics of enamel, including its ectodermal origin and properties.
- Physical Properties of Enamel: Explores the physical properties of enamel such as hardness, density, and brittleness with respective values.
- Chemical Composition: Breaks down the chemical composition of enamel, highlighting inorganic and organic components.
- Structure of Enamel: Analyzes the microstructure of enamel, including rods and prisms with visual aids.
- Aprismatic Enamel: Describes aprismatic enamel, its formation, and attributes it confers to tooth structure.
- Gnarled Enamel: Explains gnarled enamel and how it enhances enamel strength and durability.
- Incremental Lines: Details the incremental lines within enamel and their developmental significance.
- Dentino Enamel Junction: Explores the structural significance of the junction between enamel and dentin.
- Structures Related to DEJ: Investigates structures related to the dentino-enamel junction such as tufts and lamellae.
- Age Changes: Describes how enamel changes with age, focusing on structure and composition transformations.
- Clinical Significance: Discusses the clinical implications of enamel's properties and how they impact dental treatments.
- Amelogenesis: Explains the process of amelogenesis, detailing the phases involved in enamel development.
ENAMEL
Department of Oral Pathology
PARTS OF TOOTH
ENAMEL
DENTIN
PULP
ROOT CANAL
CEMENTUM
PDL
SPECIALITIES OF ENAMEL
Ectodermal in origin
No regenerative capacity
No blood supply
No nerve to react against stimuli
Doesn’t contain collagen
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL
HARDNESS & DENSITY
HARDNESS & DENSITY
Hardest tissue in the body
Varies in different parts of tooth surface
Hardness decreases – Enamel surface to DEJ
Cusp/Incisal edge to cervix
Decidous teeth less harder than perm. teeth
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL
HARDNESS & DENSITY
THICKNESS
THICKNESS
Thickest in cuspal/incisal edge= 2-2.5mm
Thinnest – Cervical Margin
Intermediate – Lateral Surface= 1.3mm
Deciduous teeth- even thickness
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL
HARDNESS & DENSITY
THICKNESS
BRITTLE
BRITTLE
Most brittle part of the body
Breaks away easily
Requires underlying resilient dentin to maintain integrity
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL
HARDNESS & DENSITY
THICKNESS
BRITTLE
HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY- 2.8-3.1
HIGH MODULUS OF ELASTICITY-19x106 psi
LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
PERMEABILITY- Semipermeable
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL
TRANSLUCENT
BIREFRINGENT
REFRACTIVE INDEX-1.62 U
HUNTER SCHERGER BAND
GNARLED ENAMEL
TRANSLUCENT
Semitranslucent
Color of enamel
Enamel thickness
Homogenity
Translucency
Colour of dentin
Incisal edge-Bluish white
Cervical margin- Yellowish
Deciduous teeth whiter than permanent teeth
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL
HARDNESS & DENSITY
THICKNESS
BRITTLE
HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY
HIGH MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
PERMEABILITY
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
INORGANIC - 96%
•Calcium phosphate – hydroxy apatite
crystal (Ca10(PO4)6OH2
•Carbonate, magnesium, pottassium,
sodium & fluoride
•Vanadeum,manganeese,selenium,
molybdinum & strontium
ORGANIC - 4%
• Amelogenin – glutamic acid, proline & histidine
• Enamelin - aspartic acid,serine
STRUCTURE OF ENAMEL
Enamel rods/ enamel prism
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Prism sheath & interprismatic substances
ENAMEL RODS IN LONGITUDINAL SECION
ENAMEL RODS IN LONGITUDINAL SECION
Direction
Number- <DEJ
->Surface
Diameter->DEJ
- < Surface
ENAMEL RODS IN CROSS SECTION
Circular
Fish scale
Key hole
ENAMEL RODS IN CROSS SECTION
Circular
Fish scale
Key hole
ENAMEL RODS IN CROSS SECTION
Circular
Fish scale
Key hole
ENAMEL RODS IN CROSS SECTION
Circular
Fish scale
Key hole
ENAMEL RODS IN CROSS SECTION
Circular
Fish scale
Key hole
Enamel crystals
• Impure Hydroxyapatite crystals
• Ca5 (Po4)3 (OH)
• Shape Irregularly
Hexagonal
• Length 1600nm
• Thickness 30 nm
• Width 90 μ m
Arrangement
• Head region Parallel to long axis of the rod
• Tail region Deviate from the long axis (65
degrees)
ENAMEL RODS IN CROSS SECTION
Enamel rod
Ameloblast
Enamel rod & Ameloblast
• Each rod is formed by 4 ameloblast
• Each ameloblast forms 4 enamel
rods
• 1 ameloblast – Head
• 3 ameloblast – Tail
APRISMATIC ENAMEL( PRISMLESS ENAMEL)
• DEJ • Highly calcified
• Outer surface • Only crystals arranged in
• 20-30 μ parallel to each other
• Reason Absence of tomes
process of ameloblast
GNARLED ENAMEL
Optical phenomenon
Twisting/undulating/
overlapping of enamel rods
Cuspal & Incisal region
Ameloblast retreat in a very
irregular course
Increase in strength to resist
masticatory forces
INCREMENTAL LINES
Minor incremental lines - Cross striations
Major incremental lines - Striae of Retzius
Neonatal lines
CROSS STRIATION
Irregular lines crossing at regular intervals
Daily increments
Distance between two cross striations – 4 micrometer
STRIAE OF RETZIUS
Striae-Thick line
Series of irregularly spaced dark brown lines
Run from DEJ to surface
More oblique than the enamelrods
Dist: 20-80um
Represent enamel deposited in 7-14 days
Width- 4-15um
More prominent in permanent teeth
Hypocalcified areas
Temporary constrictions of Tomes process
Types
Complete Striae
Incomplete Striae
EXTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS OF STRIAE OF RETZIUS
Perikymata
Imbrication lines of
pickerill
NEONATAL LINE
Physiological disturbance
of birth
Demarcate prenatal enamel
& postnatal enamel
Deciduous teeth and Perm
1st Molar
Prenatal towards dentin,
more homogenous
HUNTER – SCHREGER BAND
Optical phenomenon –due to changes in rod direction
Alternating broad (50um) dark and light bands
Present in inner 1/3rd of enamel
Absent in outer surface and near DEJ
Originate from DEJ towards surface
Broad base near DEJ and taper towards surface
Transverse section-Light-Parazones
Longitudinal Section-Dark-Diazones
DENTINO ENAMEL JUNCTION
Junction between enamel and dentin
Established during development
Appears scallopped
Concavity-Enamel, Convexity towrds dentin
Prominent near cusps, less on lateral surface
Mechanical interlocking-Strengthens bond between
enamel & dentin
STRUCTURES RELATED TO DEJ
ENAMEL LAMELLAE
ENAMEL TUFTS
ENAMEL SPINDLES
ENAMEL SPINDLES
Cylindrical club shaped structures
Extend 100um from DEJ to the surface
Appear dark – Hypomineralised structure
Do not follow the direction of enamel rods
May be continuous with dentinal tubules
Entrapped odontoblastic process during amelogenesis
ENAMEL TUFTS
Structures resemble tufts of grass
Present in Inner 1/3rd of enamel
Hypomineralised structure - appear dark
Direction same as the enamel rods
Form at 100um intervals
Better seen in Cross section
More in cervical region of tooth
ENAMEL LAMELLAE
Leaf like structures- surface to DEJ
Extend into full thickness of enamel, halfway or
into dentin
Produced in areas of tension
Narrower, longer and less common than tufts
Arranged irregularly
Better seen in transverse section
Cervical enamel
Hypocalcified structure
Types of Lamellae:
Type A
Type B
Type C
Clinical significance:
Pathway for cariogenic organism
Resemble crack ie linear slit on the surface
AGE CHANGES
Loss of tooth structure- no regeneration
Loss of perikymata- smooth surface
Color- darker, transluscent,loss of thickness-
Permeability- decreases
Composition
Increase in flouride content HAP crystals -flourapatite
Increase nitrogen
decrease water content
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Unsupported enamel removed – cavity preparation –
Prevent fracture
Enamel lamellae- Passage for cariogenic organisms
Gnarled enamel- resist masticatory stresses
Thin enamel- pit & fissures, prone to caries attack
Topical application of flouride- Decrease caries
Cavity preparation – Direction of enamel rods
Class II cavity – taper gingival seat
AMELOGENESIS
Process of enamel formation
Ameloblasts – inner enamel epithelium
Late bell stage – cuspal region
Enamel – highly mineralised tissue
Formation require
Enzymes – alkaline phosphatase –
stratum intermedium
Nutrition – glycogen from IEE
AMELOGENESIS
Secretory phase
Synthesis of organic matrix
Amelogenin
Enamelin
Partial Mineralisation (30%)
Maturation phase
Final mineralisation
Reciprocal Induction
AMELOGENESIS
SECRETORY PHASE
Synthesis of organic matrix
Immediate mineralisation (30%)– no pre enamel
Intial foci of crystals – Dentin –Nucleators/seeds
Aprismatic enamel
Prismatic enamel – Tome’s process
Retraction of Tome’s process – Aprismatic enamel
MATURATION PHASE
2 phases
Removal of protein & water
Rapid influx of calcium & phosphorous ions
Growth of hydroxy apatite crystals
LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
MORPHOGENIC
ORGANISING
FORMATIVE
MATURATIVE
PROTECTIVE
DESMOLYTIC
LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
MORPHOGENIC
ORGANISING
FORMATIVE
MATURATIVE
PROTECTIVE
DESMOLYTIC
LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
MORPHOGENIC
ORGANISING
FORMATIVE
MATURATIVE
PROTECTIVE
DESMOLYTIC
LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
MORPHOGENIC
ORGANISING
FORMATIVE
MATURATIVE
PROTECTIVE
DESMOLYTIC
Terminal Bar
Apparatus
Tome’s Process
LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
MORPHOGENIC
ORGANISING
FORMATIVE
MATURATIVE
PROTECTIVE
DESMOLYTIC
LIFE CYCLE OF AMELOBLAST
MORPHOGENIC
ORGANISING
FORMATIVE
MATURATIVE
PROTECTIVE
DESMOLYTIC
AMELOGENESIS
Frequently asked questions
• Define enamel ?explain in detail about
amelogenesis?
• Explain in detail about physical properties
of enamel?
• Explain in detail about chemical properties
of enamel
• Explain in detail about structure of enamel
• Explain in detail about ameloblastic cycle
objectives
• By the end of this session the objective is to
known about the development of
enamel,physical properties,chemical
properties, structure of enamel,
ameloblastic cycle .
