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Introduction to Distributed System
(ITec3102)
Jigjiga University
IoT
Department of Information Technology
Siraj Mohammed
[Link]@[Link]
04/04/2023
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CHAPTER 3: NAMING AND THREADS
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Outline
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Naming
Name spaces
Implementation of name spaces
Name resolution
Implementation of name resolution
Threads
Threads in distributed systems
Multithreaded Clients
Multithreaded Servers
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What is naming?
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Mapping names onto entities
Naming is assigning a name to entities
E.g.,
sirmoh4@[Link] name of a person,
registered in a DNS domain
[Link] name of organization (or
jigjig university), registered in a DNS domain.
Examples of naming systems:
DNS
The domain name system (DNS) maps the name people use to
locate a website to the IP address.
What is Name?
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A name is something that refers to an entity
In a distributed system, name can be
String,
Characters,
Sequence of symbol and a combination of them.
An entity in a distributed system can be anything.
Typical examples include resources such as
Hosts
Printers
Users
Web pages and Others JJU 04/04/2023
Why we need names?
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Names play a very important role in all computer
systems/in distributed system.
They are used to:
share resources
uniquely identify entities
refer to locations
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Access point
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To operate on an entity, it is necessary to access it through
its access point
An entity can have more than one access point
E.g.,
accessing an individual through different telephone
numbers
An entity may change its access point in the course of
time
E.g., a mobile computer getting a new IP address as it moves
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Entities, Addresses, Access point: Examples
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Example:
Telephone as Access Point to a person.
The Telephone Number then becomes the address of the person.
Person can have several telephone numbers.
Entity (or Person) can have several addresses.
Another Example: transport layer -Level Addresses
For server, this can be IP address and port number
Entities may change access points and address over time
Telephone numbers
e-mail addresses
IP addresses
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Identifiers
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Properties of a true identifier:
An identifier refers to at most one entity
Each entity is referred to by at most one identifier
An identifier always refers to the same entity – it’s never
reused
For example, the name "John Smith" cannot be taken as a
unique reference to just a single person
We cannot use an address as an identifier
Solution Implementing namespace
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Namespace
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A namespace refers to named entities (objects)
distributed across multiple locations
A namespace is a context within which the names of all
objects must be resolvable.
A name space can be organized as a directed graph with
two types of nodes:
Leaf node: represents the named entity and stores
information such as its address
Directory node: a special entity that has a number of
outgoing edges.
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Namespace…
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a general naming graph with a single root node
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Namespaces…
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A directory node stores a table in which an outgoing
edge is represented as a pair (edge label, node identifier),
called a directory table
Each path in a naming graph can be referred to by the
sequence of labels corresponding to the edges of the path
and the first node in the path, such as
N:<label1, label2, ..., labeln>, where N refers to the
first node in the path
Such a sequence is called a path name
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Namespace…
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If the first node is the root of the naming graph, it is
called an absolute path name
Otherwise, it is a relative path name
Instead of the path name n0:<home, steen, mbox>, we
often use its string representation /home/steen/mbox
There may also be several paths leading to the same
node,
E.g., node n5 can be represented as /keys or /home/steen/keys
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The Implementation of a Name Space
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A naming service allows users and processes to add,
remove, and lookup names
A naming service is implemented by name servers
Name servers (e.g., DNS) can be used
To transform domain name ([Link]) to IP address
([Link])
For a distributed system on a single LAN,
a single server might sufficient
For a large-scale distributed system
the implementation of a name space is distributed over
multiple name servers JJU 04/04/2023
The Implementation of a Name Space…
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Name Space Distribution:
In large scale distributed systems
It is necessary to distribute the name service over multiple
name servers, usually organized hierarchically
A name service can be partitioned into three logical layers:
Global layer
Administrational layer
Managerial layer
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The Implementation of a Name Space…
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Global layer
Formed by highest level nodes (root node and nodes close to it or its
children)
Directory tables are rarely changed
Global layer can be used to represent organizations
Administrational layer
Groups of entities that belong to the same organization or
administrational unit, e.g., departments
Relatively stable
Managerial layer
Nodes that may change regularly
e.g., nodes representing hosts of a LAN,
shared files such as libraries
Nodes are managed not only by system administrators, but also by
end users JJU 04/04/2023
an example partitioning of the DNS name space, including
Internet-accessible files, into three layers
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Example ,Adama University web address: [Link]
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What is name resolution?
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Given a path name, the process of looking up a name stored in
the node is referred to as name resolution;
It consists of finding the address when the name is given by
following the path
Goal: is to associate names and IP addresses
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Implementation of Name Resolution
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Name resolution finding the address when the name is
given
e.g., assume the path name
root:<nl, vu, cs, ftp, pub, globe, [Link]> is to be
resolved
or using a URL notation, this path name would
correspond to [Link]
Two ways of implementing name resolution
A. Iterative name resolution
B. Recursive name resolution
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A. Iterative name resolution:
A name resolver hands over the complete name to the root name
server
The root server will resolve the name as far as it can and return the
result to the client; at the minimum it can resolve the first level and
sends the name of the first level name server to the client
The client calls the first level name server, then the second, ..., until it
finds the address of the entity
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the principle of iterative name resolution 20
Recursive name resolution:
A name resolver hands over the whole name to the root name server
The root server will try to resolve the name and if it can’t, it requests
the first level name server to resolve it and to return the address
The first level will do the same thing recursively
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the principle of recursive name resolution 21
Threads
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A process can contain multiple threads.
A thread refers to a single sequential flow of activities being
executed in a process
A thread is a lightweight process running within a larger
process
A thread is the unit of execution within a process
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Threads and their Implementation
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Threads can be used in both distributed and nondistributed
systems
Threads in Nondistributed Systems
Process 1 Process 2 Process 3
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three processes each with one thread one process with three threads
Threads and their Implementation…
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Each thread has its own
Program counter
Registers
Stack
But, all threads of a process share
Address space
Global variables and
Other resources such as open files
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Threads and their Implementation…
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Multithreading
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Multithreading is a CPU (central processing unit)
feature that allows two or more instruction threads to
execute independently, while sharing the same
process resources
Multithreading allows multiple concurrent tasks can
be performed within a single process.
Multithreading allows many parts of a program to
run simultaneously
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Examples of Multithreading
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Example 1, a word processor
While we are typing, multiple treads are used to
Display our document
Format the page
Save our document
Check the spelling of the document and
Check the grammar of our document
Example 2, consider your internet browser and many opened taps in
which multiple threads of execution are used to
Load content
Display webpage
Display email
Play a video and so on. JJU 04/04/2023
Why do we need Multithreading?
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To perform many activities at once
To avoid blocking when waiting for input or
doing calculations
Real parallelism is possible in a multithreads
system
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Threads in Distributed Systems
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Multithreaded Clients:
Consider a Web browser
Fetching different parts of a page can be implemented
as a separate thread,
Each opening its own TCP/IP connection to the server
or to separate and replicated servers
Each can display the results
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Threads in Distributed Systems…
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Multithreaded Servers: is any server that has
more than one thread
To accept multiple requests at the same time We
need multiple threads on the server side.
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Threads in Distributed
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Systems…
Servers can be constructed in three ways:
1. Single-threaded process:
It gets a request, examines it, carries it out to
completion before getting the next request
The server is idle while waiting for disk read,
i.e., system calls are blocking
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Threads in Distributed
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Systems…
Servers can be constructed in three ways….
2. Multiple threads:
Threads are more important for implementing servers
e.g., a file server
How does a file serer works?
Step-1: The dispatcher thread reads incoming multiple
requests from clients
Step-2: The dispatcher passes it to an idle worker thread
Step-3: The worker thread performs the actual task
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Threads in Distributed
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Systems…
Servers can be constructed in three ways….
2. Multiple threads, e.g., file server
a multithreaded server organized in a dispatcher/worker model
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Threads in Distributed
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Systems…
Servers can be constructed in three ways….
3. Finite-state machine:
It gets a request, examines it, tries to fulfill the
request from cache
Instead of blocking it records the state of the
current request and
Proceeds to the next request
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Summary of Server model
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Model Characteristics
Single-threaded process No parallelism, blocking system calls
Parallelism, blocking system calls
Threads
(thread only)
Finite-state machine Parallelism, nonblocking system calls
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Thank you
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