WORK & SIMPLE
MACHINES
WORK = FORCE X DISTANCE
Joules = newtons (N) X meters (m)
CALCULATING WORK
The crane uses 30 newtons of force to lift the iron block 8 meters.
Work done = Force x Distance moved
= 30 newtons (F) x 8 meters (D)
= 240 Joules
How much work was done?
-----------------------------------------------
Because the block is held up high, it becomes:
potential energy = 240 J (due to gravity)
gravity
If the mass then falls freely to the ground,
just before it hits the ground, it’s . . .
240 J of kinetic energy
INCLINED PLANE
Flat surface with 1 end higher than other
Used to gradually raise or lower objects
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
INPUT
DISTANCE
FORCE
Longer Plane = More Distance
EFFICIENCY
Friction reduced if surfaces
of plane & load are smooth
Examples of
INCLINED
PLANES
[Link]
WEDGE
Type of inclined plane
Has 1 or 2 sloping sides
Force applied to wide end
Narrow end driven into object– push object apart
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
INPUT
DISTANCE
FORCE
Longer Point/Edge = More Distance
EFFICIENCY
Examples of
WEDGES
SCREW
Type of inclined plane
Wrapped around a rod
Direction of force changed
Amount of force increased
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
INPUT
DISTANCE
FORCE
More threads = More Distance
EFFICIENCY
Increased when threads closer
Examples of
SCREWS
LEVER
Does work by turning around FULCRUM
(fixed point)
Force applied to do the work = EFFORT
Force created by LOAD when trying to
move it = RESISTANCE
EFFICIENCYGREATEST
WHEN WORK REQUIRES
THE LEAST EFFORT
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
INPUT
DISTANCE
FORCE
Longer Effort Arm = More Distance
arm
or t
eff
load
effort
fulcrum
LESS DISTANCE
BETWEEN
LOAD & FULCRUM
LESS EFFORT NEEDED
TO DO THE WORK
TYPES OF
LEVERS
FIRST
CLASS
LEVER
SECOND
CLASS
LEVER
THIRD
CLASS
LEVER
Summary of LEVER CLASSES
1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class
How do you know
what class a lever is?
Fulcrum= Pivot Point
By whether the fulcrum, Effort force = input force
load, or effort is in the
center. Load (Resistance) = output force
WHEEL & AXLE
Large wheel fixed to smaller wheel (or shaft)
called an axle
Both turn together
Effort usually on larger wheel, moving load of axle
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
INPUT
DISTANCE
FORCE
Turning larger wheel = More Distance
Think of as lever rotating in circle around
center fulcrum
Like steering wheel (larger wheel) on column
(axle)
Wheel & axle turn together
EFFICIENCY:
Reduced friction with lubricant
HOW DOES WHEEL & AXLE
WORK?
PULLEY
Wheel with groove
Allowsrope to ride on wheel
without slipping off
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
INPUT
DISTANCE
FORCE
Rope around more wheels = More Distance
TYPES OF PULLEYS
FIXED PULLEY
(like clothesline or flagpole)
Pulley stays in one position
Moves LOAD up, down or sideways
Changes DIRECTION of force
Does not reduce EFFORT
TYPES OF PULLEYS
MOVABLE PULLEY
(for lifting or lowering heavy objects
Moves along with LOAD
Reduces EFFORT
Increases DISTANCE
Examples of
PULLEYS
Wheels with teeth, so one turns the next
SMALLER gear turns FASTER than larger gear
One gear makes other gear beside it turn in
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
Speeds things up,slows them down, changes direction
of force
GEARS
Compound machines
COMPOUND are made of 2 or more
MACHINE simple machines.
KIDS’ INVENTIONS
Illustrating…
COMPOUND MACHINES Made of at
Least 2
SIMPLE MACHINES
This is the Chore 3,000.
He can clean your room. It
can take the trash out and
do other chores. He is
made of gears, screws and
pulleys.
.
This simple machine is
The Kids’ Chore.
Our simple machine does a lot of stuff such as recycles
cans and then washes them, and then has them come to be
used again. Another thing it does is washes clothes and
hangs them back up for kids.
It also cooks popcorn and pours drinks.
Another thing it does is dusting, it
will dust anything for you. The simple
machines we used were the wheel
and axle,inclined plane, just wheels,
pulleys, and gears.
This is the Chore 5,000.
He can clean your room.
It can take the trash out
and do other chores. He
is made of gears, screws
and pulleys.
