Energetics

IB Topic 5

PART 1: Heat and Calorimetry

Heat vs Temperature

[Link]
Eureka Video
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
Heat: a measure of the total energy of
the particles in a given amount of a
substance (and therefore depends on the
amount of substance present).
Flows from hot to cold until both reach
the same temperature—thermal
equilibrium
Measured in Joules
 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
Temperature: a measure of the “hotness”
of a substance. It represents the average
kinetic energy of the substance (but is
independent of the amount of substance
present).
Measured in degrees C
 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
Example: Two beakers of water. Both have same
temperature, but a beaker with 100 cm3 of water
contains…
 twice as much heat as a beaker containing 50 cm3.

Same temp, but MORE HEAT

 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

The increase in temp. when an object is heated

depends on
 The mass of the object
 The heat added
 The nature of the substance (different
substances have different “specific heat”
values)
Temp vs Heat Video
[Link]
srt2Os3FFiEblwWKGgjNdJrv1iln
 Reactions and Energy
-Many chemical reactions involve a transfer of chemical energy into heat.
-EX: O2 + 2H2  2H2O

There is energy stored in the bonds holding each molecule together …

First, energy is needed to break the bonds of the reactants ( O2 and H2)
The atoms rearrange and new bonds form. (H2O) This releases energy
If it takes more energy to break the bonds than is released, the then
reaction absorbs energy.
The other way around, energy is released
Intro to Bond Energies
 Enthalpy (H): the energy stored in the bonds that can be
converted into heat.

You can’t measure the enthalpy of rxts or prod individually,

BUT….
You can measure the change in Enthalpy (H) in a rxn
(difference between reactants and products).
H = Hprod - Hrxts
H is Measured in kJ mol-1 but these values change
depending on the conditions.
values in the Data Booklet are measured at standard
conditions called…
Standard enthalpy change of a rxn (Hϴ): measured at
pressure = 1 atm; temp = 298 K (25OC), concentrations=1
moldm-3
 EXOTHERMIC & ENDOTHERMIC
RXNS
Exothermic rxns: release Diagram:
energy in the form of
heat… reactants
(because bonds in the rxts

Enthalpy, H
are more unstable H = negative
(weaker) than the bonds
in the products (stronger, products

more stable)
decreasing enthalpy has time

neg. sign (H < 0)

 EXOTHERMIC & ENDOTHERMIC
RXNS
Endothermic rxns: Diagram:
absorb energy in the
form of heat…
(because bonds in the products

prod are more unstable

Enthalpy, H
(weaker) than the bonds H = positive

in the rxts (stronger, more reactants

stable)
increasing enthalpy, time
positive value (H > 0)
Enthalpy in Equations
can be written 2 different ways
Exothermic Endothermic
N2 + 3H2  2NH3 2NH3 N2 + 3H2
HO = -92 kJ mol-1 HO = +92 kJ mol-1

OR OR
 N2 + 3H2  2NH3 + 92kJ  2NH3 + 92kJ N2 + 3H2
Since H is per mole, if moles
O

change, so does the H value

If :
CO + ½ O2  CO2 HO= -283 kJ mol-1
Then:
2CO + O2  2CO2

HO= 2 X -283 kJ mol-1

= - 566 kJ mol-1
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

On a cold day, would you rather touch the wood or iron?

What about a hot day; wood or iron?
Iron doesn’t ‘hold’ its heat well. Wood ‘holds’ heat better
The ability to ‘hold’ heat is called the Specific Heat
Capacity
-it measures the amount of heat energy needed to raise the
temp of 1 g of substance by 1K
-units are J g-1 K-1 or kJ kg-1 K-1
Specific Heat Capacity Calculations
Tables have SHC values for many
substances
Water holds it’s heat well (think of why
Vancouver’s temp changes vs Winnipeg)
Water = 4.18 J g-1K-1
Iron = 0.450 J g-1K-1
FORMULA
Example #1
How much heat is needed to increase 20g of Nickel
(c= 440 J kg-1 OC-1) from 50 to 70OC?

-note the discrepancy in mass units. Need to convert g

to kg
q = mcT
q= 0.020kg x 440 kg-1 OC-1x20OC
q= 176 J
ΔH and q mean essentially the same thing.
Normally q is the heat of the reaction in J or kJ
where ΔH is J or kJ per mole
Units
CALORIMETRY
How do you measure the heat change
during a reaction?
As stated earlier, you can’t measure H
directly from a reaction (the system)
But we can measure the change in temp
of the surroundings
CALORIMETRY
EX: NaOH ADDED
TO WATER
-NaOH is the rxn
(system) and water is
the surroundings.
-We measure the
temp change of the
water
(surroundings)
CALORIMETRY
The enthalpy change for a rxn can be
measured experimentally by using a
calorimeter.

simple calorimeter
bomb calorimeter (a.k.a. “coffee cup calorimeter”)
CALORIMETERS
1. Simple Calorimeter – polystyrene cup and water
- good for fast rxns as there’s less time for
heat to be lost
-good for neutralization or other reactions
not involving fire
2. Flame Calorimeter
-fuel burned below metal container with water
-better for combustion

3. Bomb Calorimeter
-rxn happens inside an enclosed vessel surrounded
by water
-most accurate due to minimal heat loss.
Calorimeter Assumptions
-The mcat equation lets you calculate the ΔH
using a Calorimeter
BUT using the equation comes with some
assumptions:

1. The rxn is assumed to be fast enough for the

max temp to be reached before it begins to
cool again. This occurs if…
2. There is no heat transfer between the
solution, thermometer, the surrounding air,
and the calorimeter itself
(these are conditions are impossible to meet but some
funky graphing techniques we show later can try to
make up for it)
Calorimeter Assumptions
3. The solution is dilute enough that it’s
density and shc can be considered to be that
of water.
d= 1g cm-3 shc= 4.18 J g-1 oC-1

4. If solid is added to the solution or water,

ignore the volume of the solid as it won’t add
much volume

5. When they say Molar Enthalpy, just take

your final enthalpy answer in Joules and
divide by moles of the substance
Sample Question
When a 1.15 g sample of lithium chloride,
LiCl was added to 25.0 g of water in a
coffee-cup calorimeter, a temperature rise of
3.80 K was recorded. Calculate the molar
enthalpy change of solution of lithium
chloride.
Assumptions: the mass of solute is small
enough to be ignored
Why don’t we
H = mcT need to worry
about the
H = 25.0g x 4.18 J g-1 oC-1 x (3.80) different temp
units?
H = 397 J
 Compensating for heat loss:
Let’s face it, not all the
heat from the reaction
will go to the water
some will be lost to the
air, thermometer, the
colorimeter itself, etc.
So the Temp change
will not be as high as it
should be because the
calorimeter cools as it
heats
See the graph
 Compensating for heat loss:
Graph temp. v. time
T3 cooling tre
ndl ine
T2

T T1 = initial temp.
T2 = max temp. measured
T3 = max temp. if no heat loss
T1
T = T3 - T1

By extrapolating the graph, the temp rise that

would have taken place had the rxn been
instantaneous, can be calculated.
BTW…
Specific heat capacity of H2O in kJ is given as
 = 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1
◦ If using grams then use 4.18 J g-1 K-1
◦ Just be careful of the units!
Calibrating the Calorimeter
In labs you can account for the heat being
lost to the coffee cup or can being used by
finding the calorimeter constant
I suggest doing this if you choose to do
this for your IA
Watch these videos if this applies to you
[Link]
[Link]
 Types of H
The last example between was a Molar Enthalpy of
Solution (some solid dissolving in water)
These are some others you will come across:
-Molar Enthalpy of Combustion (Hºc) =energy
change when 1 mol substance combusts with excess
O2 at STP
Enthalpy Change of Neutralization (H neut )
-Molar Enthalpy of Reaction
-Energy content of food
MOLAR ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION
(Hºc)
A flame calorimeter is used
This is simply a spirit burner with the chemical being
burned inside heating up a sample of water suspended
above it
MOLAR ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION
(Hºc)
Example 2: 20.000mL of ethanol was placed in a burner
and ignited. An insulated can holding 250.0g of water was
suspended above it. After the reaction occurred, it was
found that 19.310g of ethanol was left and the water
temperature went up by 13.2oC.
Find the molar enthalpy change for the combustion of
ethanol (C2H5OH)
MOLAR ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION
(Hºc)
Example 2: 20.000mL of ethanol was placed in a burner and ignited.
An insulated can holding 250.0g of water was suspended above it.
After the reaction occurred, it was found that 19.310g of ethanol was
left and the water temperature went up by 13.2oC.
Find the molar enthalpy change for the combustion of ethanol
(C2H5OH)
Lots going on here.
Which mass do we use, which heat capacity?!?!?
Use the mass and SHC of water
The info about ethanol can used to find how
many moles of it were burned to find the molar
enthalpy
Example 2: 20.000g of ethanol was placed in a burner and ignited. An insulated can holding 250.0g of water was
suspended above it. After the reaction occurred, it was found that 19.310g of ethanol was left and the water
temperature went up by 13.2 oC.
Find the molar enthalpy change for the combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH)

Calculate H for the reaction

H = mcT
H = 250.0g x 4.18 J g-1 oC-1 x (13.2)
H = 13 794 J or 13.794 kJ

Mass ethanol burned= 20.000 – 19.310= 0.690g

Moles ethanol burned= 0.69g x
= 0.014967 mol
Hc= = 921.627
= 922 kJmol
-
-1

neg. value = exothermic

MOLAR ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION
(Hºc)

b) The IB Data Book value is -1371 kJ mol-1. Provide

reasons for any discrepancy between this and the
calculated value above.
Not all heat produced is transferred to the water
Water loses some heat to surroundings

Incomplete combustion of ethanol

 Food Calorimetry (only for IAs)
A sample of a spicy nacho chip with a mass of 1.48
g was completely combusted and was found to
raise the temperature of 100.0 g of water by 71.0
°C. Find the energy of the chip in Joules per gram
and Food Calories
Food Calorimetry (only for IAs)
 A sample of a spicy nacho chip with a mass of 1.48 g was completely
combusted and was found to raise the temperature of 100.0 g of water by 71.0
°C. Find the energy of the chip in Joules per gram and Food Calories

Δ H = mcΔT
=100.0 g x 4.18 J g °C x 71.0 °C
−1 −1

= 29 678 J
= 29 678 J / 1.48g
= 20052 J/g or 20.052 kJ/g
A regular calorie = 4.184 Joules
A Food Calorie = 1000 calories
A Food Calorie = 4.184 kJ
So 20.052 kJ = 83 Food Calories per gram
Molar Enthalpy of Reaction
 Example 5: 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulfate solution
was placed in a polystyrene cup. After two minutes, 1.20 g of
powdered zinc was added. The temperature was taken every 30
seconds and the following graph obtained. Calculate the enthalpy
change for the reaction taking place
Example 5: 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulfate solution was placed in a polystyrene cup. After
two minutes, 1.20 g of powdered zinc was added. The temperature was taken every 30 seconds and the
following graph obtained. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction taking place

Step 1: Write the equation for the reaction.

CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s)  Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

Step 2: Determine the limiting reagent.

amount of Cu2 (aq)  0.200 mol

L  0.050L  0.0100 mol
1 mol
amount of Zn(s)  1.20g   0.0184 mol
65.37g
 Cu2+(aq) is the limiting reactant
 T

Figure 5.3: Compensating for heat lost in an experiment measuring temperature changes in an exothermic reaction.

Step 3: Extrapolate the graph to compensate for heat loss and

determine T.
T = 27.4 – 17.0 = 10.4 °C
Example 4: 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulfate solution was placed in a polystyrene cup. After
two minutes, 1.20 g of powdered zinc was added. The temperature was taken every 30 seconds and the
following graph obtained. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction taking place
(Figure 5.3).

Step 4: Calculate the heat evolved in the experiment

2 of the assumptions are here:

assume the solution is dilute enough to be like
water
ignore the mass (1.2g) of the added solute for
the ‘m’ in mcat
Δ H = mcΔT
= 50.0g x 4.18J/g°C x 10.4°C
= 2 173.6 J or 2.17 kJ
Example 4: 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulfate solution was placed in a polystyrene cup. After
two minutes, 1.20 g of powdered zinc was added. The temperature was taken every 30 seconds and the
following graph obtained. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction taking place
(Figure 5.3).

Step 5: Find the Molar Enthalpy (0.0100 mol from limiting

reactant)

-2.17kJ
Hrxn   217 kJmol
0.0100mol
neg. value = exothermic
Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization
EX- 50.0 ml of 0.10M HCl and 50.0 ml of 0.10M NaOH
are mixed in a simple calorimeter.
The initial temp was 23.5 ºC and final temp was 30.1 ºC
Find the Molar Enthalpy of Nuetralization for HCl in
this reaction.

-Based on the assumptions, the mass will be the volume

of both solutions and that the solutions are dilute enough
to be considered ‘like water’
So (50ml + 50ml =100ml = 100g)
and we use water’s SHC value of 4.18 for c
H = mcT
H = 100g x 4.18 J g-1 oC-1 x (30.1-23.5oC)
H = 2758.8 J