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Lecture 1

Problem solving and decision making involve discovering solutions to goals that are not readily attainable. There are different types of problems including problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation. Common approaches to problem solving include trial and error, heuristics like forming subgoals or working backwards, and overcoming barriers such as irrelevant information or fixed mindsets. Decision making involves choosing between alternatives or making risky decisions under uncertainty. Factors like heuristics, base rates, and question framing can influence risk assessment. Groups may polarize views further or succumb to groupthink that impairs decision quality.

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84 views13 pages

Lecture 1

Problem solving and decision making involve discovering solutions to goals that are not readily attainable. There are different types of problems including problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation. Common approaches to problem solving include trial and error, heuristics like forming subgoals or working backwards, and overcoming barriers such as irrelevant information or fixed mindsets. Decision making involves choosing between alternatives or making risky decisions under uncertainty. Factors like heuristics, base rates, and question framing can influence risk assessment. Groups may polarize views further or succumb to groupthink that impairs decision quality.

Uploaded by

Pudding 3110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Problem Solving And Decision

Making
Chapter 8
Definition
 Problem solving refers to active efforts to
discover what must be done to achieve a goal
that is not readily attainable.
Types of Problems (Greeno)
 Problems of Inducing Structure

 Problems of Arrangement

 Problems of Transformation
Approaches to Problem Solving
 Trial & Error

 Heuristics

 Forming Subgoals (Tower of Hanoi)

 Working Backwards (Water Lilies)

 Using Analogies (Tumor)

 Reenvisioning the Problem


Barriers to Effective Problem Solving
 Irrelevant (Distracting) Information

 Functional Fixedness (Screw Driver)

 Mental Set

 Unnecessary Constraints
Decision Making
 Two types of decisions
 Making choices (selecting among alternatives)
 Taking chances (deciding amidst uncertainty)
Selecting Among Alternatives
 Strategies
 Additive
 Subtractive (Elimination of Aspects)
Making “Risky” Decisions
 Risky Decisions (Tversky & Kahneman)
 Factors Influencing Risky Decisions
 Using Probabilities
 Expected Value
 Subjective Utility
 Factors that Affect Probability Estimates
 Heuristics
 Availability
 Representativeness
 Ignoring Base Rates
 The Conjunction Fallacy
 Alternative Outcomes Effect
 Framing the Question
Humans as Decision Makers
Classic View Evolutionary View
Irrational Specialized cognition is adaptive
Prone to errors & mistakes Rational
Mentally limited Fast and Frugal heuristics work

Dual Process Theories


Intuitive Thinking
Rational Thinking
Reducing Regret after Decisions
$20
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Told next person
tasks were fun
and interesting

Boring Asked how


Tasks much they
enjoyed experiment

Told next person


tasks were fun
and interesting
$1
Making Decisions in Groups
 Group Polarization

 Groupthink
Group Polarization
Group Polarization- tendency to shift toward more
extreme positions after group discussion

Risky Neutral Cautious


Groupthink
 Groupthink- syndrome of bad decision-making

12.17

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