DataFRAC

Evaluation
OTS

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 Objectives
• Name 3 essential parts of DataFRAC
• List design parameters for each part of DataFRAC
• List parameters that can be determined from each part of
DataFRAC

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 Why DataFRAC Analysis?
 To provide accurate fracture design parameters:
- Effective design
- Increased NPV

 Inaccurate design parameters may result in:

- Premature screenout (pad depletion)
- Unpropped fracture
- Increased proppant damage
- Increased treatment cost (excessive pad)

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 DataFRAC Service - Three Essential Parts
Closure Test Calibration Injection
• Step rate/Flowback • Fracture model
• Non-Ideal behavior

Calibration Decline
• Fluid loss coefficient
• Fluid Efficiency
• Fracture dimension
• Calibration of
height(h), Youngs
modulus(E), or
toughness(K)
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 DataFRAC Summary

Mini-fallooff
(not part of
DataFRAC
Recommended)

Estimated Pc & Pres

Closure Press Frac Model Confirmation of Pc
Extension Pressure
Rebound Press Total Fluid Loss Coefficient (Ct)
Extension rate
Fluid Efficiency 
Breakdown Pressure
Total Friction Pressure

Linear Gel X-Linked Gel

[Link] Test [Link]

Injection Decline

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 DataFRAC Summary using FracCADE

5000 15
+
Treating Pressure(psi)
4000

10
3000 BHP(psi)

2000
Slurry Rate(bbl/min) 5

1000

0 +0
0 15 30 45 60
Treatment Time(min)

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 Step 1. Step Rate Test/Flowback

• Extension Pressure =>

Upper bound for
fracture closure
pressure

 Step Rate Test

- Start at matrix rate

- Increase in steps until fracture extended (1-10

8000 BPM) 12
Rounded Shoulders:
7000
BHP(psi) 10
Matrix Injection 6000
Squared Shoulders: 8
5000
Fracture Extension Treating Pressure(psi)

4000 6

3000
Slurry Rate(bbl/min) 4
2000
2
1000 +
0 + 0
68 78 88 98 108 118 128
Treatment Time(min)

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 Injection Rates/No. of Steps & Duration
 High permeability zones
– 1-10 BPM
– For permeability(k)>20md consider performing closure test after
calibration treatment
 Low permeability zones
– 0.5 - 5 BPM
 Minimum Number of steps
– 3 steps below extension pressure and
– 3 steps above extension pressure
 Step duration
– Duration of the individual steps should be equal
– 1 or 2 minutes is sufficient
– The last step is longer (5 to 10 mins)

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 Step Rate Test
Select Corresponding Pressure & Rate Pairs Plot the Pressure & Rate Pairs
into a BHP vs Rate graph
BHP (psi)

Pext

*Pc

*Pres

Qext Injection Rate (BPM)

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 Step Rate and Pump-In/Flowback on FracCADE
Rebound Pressure
Represents the Lower
Bound for Pc

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 Step 1b. Flowback Test

 Set Flowback rate » 1/6 to 1/4 of last rate in step rate test
 Flowback until BHP » 200 psi above initial Pw
 A distinct reversal in curvature indicates location to draw
tangent to find Closure Pressure(Pc)
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 Flowback Test- Rebound Pressure

Represent a lower
bound for Pc.

If Prebound > PC, indication of tortuosity.

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 Where are we?
Closure pressure should always satisfy these relationships

Propagation pressure
ISIP

Closure Pressure

“rebound pressure”

Reservoir pressure

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 Calibration Injection

Designed to simulate the pad of the actual fracture treatment

• The fluid must be the same as that of the pad
• Injection rate must be the same as the actual treatment
• The calibration volume depends on the situation
– Ensure treatment interval is covered
– Ensure appropriate fracture volume is created
• Fracture geometry/model is obtained

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 Analysis During Pumping

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 Log-log interpretation plot for various fracture
propagation modes.

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 Fracture Height Growth

At Pnet ~ 0.4 Stress Contrast...

Fracture will start growing into

the shale (barrier invasion)

At Pnet ~ 0.8 Stress Contrast...

Fracture will break through the shale

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 Opening of Natural T-Shaped Fracture
Fissures

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 Formation Pressure Capacity
A period of constant pressure for a vertical fracture can occur because:

The pressure approaches the stress of a barrier

and causes significant height growth.

The pressure exceeds the stress acting on

natural fissures and the fissures open.

The pressure exceeds the overburden pressure,

For these cases, the limiting
pressure is called the formation and the initiation of T-shape fracture begins.
pressure capacity.

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 Calibration Treatment Pressure Response
Shut-in
Injection

Closure Pressure

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 Calibration Decline

Design and Execution:

– Decline after Calibration Injection
– Using the same fluid as frac fluid
– Using G-function plot for analysis
– Can be used to find closure if flowback test not
available

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 Decline Analysis…ISIP
1) Determination of ISIP (Instantaneous Shut In Pressure)
The pressure drop line is extrapolated to the vertical of the
time when pumps where shut down.
ISIP is taken at the intersection of the two lines

ISIP

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 Determining Closure From
Closure happens at an inflection point Decline
The Problem: Draw tangents, find intersection

Sqrt Total Falloff Plot

B o tto m H o le P r e s s u r e - p s i
Pressure [Rng. 2] Derivative
L1-S
7000 0
L2-S

6500
-1000

D e r iv a tiv e
L1-E
6000
L2-E

-2000
5500

5000 -3000
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sqrt of Shut-in Tim e + Pum p Tim e (sqrt(m in))

Tangent to what?
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 Basic Decline Calculations: G-Function Analysis
 G-Plot
- Specialized function of shut-in time.
- Considers changes in fluid loss along the fracture length
and at different times during injection.
- Assumes constant fracture geometry after shut-in. Can be
modified for non-ideal cases.
- Necessary for a rigorous analysis calibration treatment
shut-in pressures.

 Decline Analysis Calculations

- Fluid Leakoff Coefficient (CL) and treatment efficiency.
- Confirmation of non-ideal behavior during injection.
- Estimation of additional fracturing parameter.

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 Basic Decline Analysis: Ideal Behavior
 CL rp tp
Pws - Pw(tD) = G (tD)
2Cf

Slope P* = Pi
Gc
 = Gc
2 + Gc
C L rp t p
Slope of straight line; mG = P* =
2( h / E*)

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 Basic Decline Analysis: Non-ideal Behavior
Fracture Length Extension-Recession

 During extension, mG > P*

 During recession, mG < P*

The correct value of slope:

 At transition between
extension and recession

 Transition occurs at: P w  3/4

P s
Slope selected at “3/4-point” to
eliminate effects due to penetration change
(empirically obtained)

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 Non-ideal Behavior - Height Recession

 During height recession:

Ps
- mG < P*
ends at Pw  0.4   1/2 Ps mG

- = stress contrast Closure of barrier layers

- Pw = wellbore net pressure
- Ps = shut-in net pressure 0.4 Height recession

Pw
Length recession

 Corrected slope (m’G,c) mGc

m'Gc = fc mGc m’Gc

Closure of main layer

fc = Correction factor
mGc = Slope before closure 0 G(tD)

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 Additionnal Test: Step Down Test

• Qualitative analysis of Near-Wellbore tortuosity vs. perforation

effectiveness.
• Provides rough estimate of perf count accepting fluid.
De fine Points Plot Pre ssure vs. Ra te Plot

25 9 000 4 0 00

20 8 000

3 0 00

15 7 000

Ne a r Wellbo re P re ssure - p si
B otto m Hole P re ssure - psi
Rate - bb l/min

2 0 00

10 6 000

ISIP
1 0 00
5 5 000

0 4 000
0 1 .5 3 .0 4.5 6.0 7.5
0
T im e - m in 0 5 10 15 20 25
Ra te - b bl /m in

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 Summary

DataFRAC helps determining following parameters:

• Closure pressure
• Leak off and fluid efficiency
• Non Ideal behaviors
– Height growth, fissures, T shape

Ultimately:
• Simulator is calibrated
• Frac design is optimized
• Value creation
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