OVER-HEAD CONDUCTORS IN TRANSMISSION LINE
1. Introduction 2. Characteristics 3. Clearance & Normal Span 4. Classification 5. Effects On OH Conductors 6. Connection With Tower 7. Jumper 8. Vibration Damper 9. Repair Sleeve 10. Mid-Span Joint 11. Conclusion 12. References
SENDING END
RECEIVING END
CURRENT flows from sending end to
receiving end Minimum loss can give maximum efficiency Over-head conductors are used for transmission and distribution of electricity Performance of power system depends upon that of transmission line
HIGH CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY LOW RESISTANCE HIGHLY TENSILE MINIMUM ELONGATION DUE TO TEMPERATURE
UNDERGROUND CABLES
Easy to trace faults Un-interrupted power supply
Insulation cost is low
CONDUCTOR
As per skin effect current flows on the surface
of conductor Can carry more current Weight will be less Cost will be less Cooling effect Flexible Easy for termination
For safety transmission the bare conductors
should be at definite distance i.e. clearance from the ground and trees It varies in elsewhere ,along the road and across the road.
Voltage (in KV)
Elsewhere (in m)
Along Road (in m)
Across Road (in m)
11
4.6
5.8
6.1
33 66 132 220 400
5.2 5.5 6.1 7.0 8.8
5.8 6.1 -
6.1 6.1 -
Voltage (in KV) 11 33 66 110 132 220 400
Clearance (in m) 2.6 2.8 3.4 3.7 4 4.6 5.5
Span length is the distance between two successive poles. To maintain a definite sag span length should be fixed .Because sag S=(W*(L*L) ) / (8*T)
SPAN LENGTH
Voltage(in KV) Less than 11 11 33 132 220 400
Span Length (in m) 66 75-80 100-120 300 350 400
CONDUCTORS
HOMOGENEOU S
NONHOMOGENEOUS
CAST IRON
GALVAN ISED IRON
ALUMINI UM
COPPER
ACSR
AAAC
ACACSR
ABC
Low Cost
High Resistance Less Current Flow
Affected by rusting ,carbon formation &
oxidation Bi-metallic action if connected other metal Generally not used in transmission
Cost more than cast iron
Resistance equal to that of cast iron Less current flow
Rusting is avoided
Not used for transmission Bi-metallic action
Used as earthing conductor
Cost is too high Undergo elongation due to temperature Rate of elongation is very high Possibility of being theft
Cost is lower than copper
Rate of elongation is less than copper Generally preferred for transmission
Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
Reinforcement is necessary to check
elongation in HT & EHT lines Here steel is reinforced between stranded aluminiums Reinforced steel gives the tensile strength
All Aluminium Alloy Conductor As reinforcement causes high brittleness in
conductors , so here only alloy is used. As alloy consists of different metals , they give tensile strength High melting temperature Rate of elongation is high Diameter is less than that of ACSR Resistance is little more ,flow of current is low
Aluminium Clad Aluminium Conductor Steel
Reinforced Steel is used as reinforcement and surrounded by aluminium strands A coating is there over aluminium strands So surface damage or surface scratch doesn't occur Generally used in EHT (volt > 765 KV)
Areal Bunch Conductor Now a days it is used only up to 11 KV Conductor is insulated No chance of being theft
SKIN EFFECT:Phenomenon of alternating current to flow in the inner surface. FERRANTI EFFECT:Under no load or lightly loaded condition when receiving end voltage is more than sending end. This is abnormal condition. CORONA:phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and formation of ozone gas.
It is the process of alternating the positions of
conductors regularly. Usually done in 400KV lines. It is done to balance the line capacitance between 3- phases. And to save X-mission line from interference with communication line.
Conductors are connected to tower through
insulators. The insulators may be connected in suspension or in tension. By counting the no. of insulators the voltage can be determined. Arching horns are provided to protect the conductor & insulator. The tower may be of single or double circuit.
DOUBLE CKT TOWER
TENSION TYPE INSULATOR
SUSPENSIO N- TYPE
TOWER WITH SUSPENSION INSULATOR
ANGLE TOWER (TENSION TYPE)
ARCHING HORN
It is a piece of conductor used at the cut point
Used to maintain electrical continuity.
It
is connected through pilot string to maintain the clearance with tower.
Connected on the conductor on both side of
the tower. Connected at a distance 1.35m each from tower. Used to save from wear & tear of hardwares fitted in the cross arm.
If
2 to 3 strands of conductor get disconnected it is expensive to replace entire conductor. This problem is over come by repair sleeve. It has 2 halves easily inserted any where. Then it is compressed. It is a non-tension type joint.
It is used when 2 conductors are joined. Also it is used for snapped conductors.
This is a tension type joint.
It needs 100% mechanical strength. Aluminium sleeve is compressed over joining
of cores of two conductors.
Over-head conductors are used for
transmission and distribution of electricity. ACSR is mainly used as conductors in the towers as it provides tensile strength. So ,its more stronger as compared to other conductors. Over-conductors that are used have low resistance , high current-carrying capacity & minimum elongation due to temperature.
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS?
