Chapter 2:

Cloud Characteristics And

Models
Semester 1 2022/2023
By
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Novia Admodisastro
Software Engineering & Information System Department
FSKTM, UPM
Topic Outline

• Essential Characteristics
• Deployment Models
• Public, Private, Hybrid And Community Models
• Service models
• Cloud Reference Architecture
• Cloud Platforms Reference Architecture
Section 1: Essential Characteristics
Chapter 2: Cloud Characteristics and Models
Cloud computing essential characteristics

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud

computing as it is known today through five particular characteristics
[1]:
• On-demand self-service
• Broad network access
• Multi-tenancy and resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
• Measured service

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1.1-On demand self-service

• Cloud computing resources can be provisioned without human

interaction from the service provider.
• In other words, organisation can provision additional computing resources as
needed without going through the cloud service provider. This can be a
storage space, virtual machine instances, database instances, and so on.
• Organizations can use a web self-service portal as an interface to
access their cloud accounts to see their cloud services, their usage,
and also to provision and de-provision services as they need to.

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1.2-Broad network access

• Cloud computing resources are available over the network and can be
accessed by diverse customer platforms:
• High broadband communication link—such as the internet, or in the case of a
private clouds it could be a local area network (LAN).
• Via standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick
client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
• Network bandwidth and latency are very important aspects of cloud
computing and broad network access, because they relate to the
quality of service (QoS) on the network. This is particularly important
for serving time sensitive applications.

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1.3-Multi-tenancy and resource pooling

• Cloud computing resources are designed to support a multi-tenant

model.
• Multi-tenancy allows multiple customers to share the same applications or the
same physical infrastructure while retaining privacy and security over their
information.
• It’s similar to people living in an apartment building, sharing the same
building infrastructure but they still have their own apartments and privacy
within that infrastructure.
• Resource pooling means that multiple customers are serviced from
the same physical resources. Providers’ resource pool should be very
large and flexible enough to service multiple client requirements and
to provide for economy of scale.
• When it comes to resource pooling, resource allocation must not impact
performances of critical applications.

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What is Multi-tenancy?
• Multitenancy refers to the ability of services to be offered to multiple user
entities (tenants) in a way so that each tenant operates as logically isolated,
while, in fact, using physically shared resources.
• Customizations made for one tenant are contained within metadata e.g. Cascading
Style Sheets for UI branding
• Each tenant runs the same application code
• Consumer applications are usually excluded from discussions of
multitenancy .

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Multi-tenancy through shared middleware
• Hardware, OS and Application server layers are shared, to varying degrees,
across users. Data Layer comprises Shared Databases with either shared or
separate tables.

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1.4-Rapid elasticity

• Elasticity is a landmark of cloud computing and it implies that

organizations can rapidly provision and de-provision any of the cloud
computing resources.
• Rapid provisioning and de-provisioning might apply to storage or
virtual machines or customer applications.
• With cloud computing scalability, there is less capital expenditure on
the cloud customer side.
• This is because as the cloud customer needs additional computing resources,
they can simply provision them as needed, and they are available right away.
• Scalability is more planned and gradual.
• For instance, scalability means that manufacturing organizations are gradually
planning for more capacity and of course the cloud can handle that scaling up
or scaling down.

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1.5-Measured service

• Cloud computing resources usage is metered and organizations pay

accordingly for what they have used.
• Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing
transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
• Resource utilization can be optimized by leveraging charge-per-use
capabilities.
• This means that cloud resource usage—whether virtual server
instances that are running or storage in the cloud—gets monitored,
measured and reported by the cloud service provider.
• The cost model is based on “pay for what you use”—the payment is
variable based on the actual consumption by the organization.

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AWS pricing model
Three fundamental drivers of cost with AWS

Compute Storage Data transfer

• Charged per hour/second* • Charged typically per GB • Outbound is aggregated and
charged
• Varies by instance type
• Inbound has no charge (with
some exceptions)
*Linux only • Charged typically per GB
How do you pay for AWS?

Pay for what you use Pay less when you reserve Pay less when you use
more and as AWS grows

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Pay for what you use

Pay only for the services that you consume, with no large
upfront expenses.

On premises AWS

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 Pay less when you reserve

Invest in Reserved
Instances (RIs):
• Save up to 75 percent
• Options: EC2
• All Upfront Reserved instance
Instance (AURI)  largest
discount
• Partial Upfront Reserved On NURI PURI AURI
Instance (PURI)  lower Demand
discounts
• No Upfront Payments
Reserved Instance (NURI)
 smaller discount

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Pay less by using more

Realize volume-based discounts:

• Savings as usage increases.
• Tiered pricing for services like Amazon
Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3),
Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS),
or Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon
EFS)  the more you use, the less you pay
per GB.
• Multiple storage services deliver lower
storage costs based on needs.

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Services with no charge

Amazon VPC

Elastic Beanstalk**

Auto Scaling**

AWS CloudFormation**

**Note: There might be

AWS Identity and Access charges associated with other
Management (IAM) AWS services that are used
with these services.

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Section 2: Deployment Models
Chapter 2: Cloud Characteristics and Models
Cloud computing deployment models

• There are three main cloud computing deployment models, which

represent the cloud environments that your applications can be
deployed in:

Cloud Hybrid On-premises

(private cloud)

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Section 3:Public, Private, Hybrid And Community
Models
Chapter 2: Cloud Characteristics and Models
Public Cloud (1/2)

• Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream

sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-
grained, self-service basis over the Internet via Web applications/Web
services.
• These Web applications/Web services originate from an off-site third-party
provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing
basis.
• Public clouds are where IT activities/functions are provided "as a
service" over the Internet, which allows access to technology- enabled
services without knowledge of, expertise with, or control over the
technology infrastructure that supports them. Therefore, public clouds
are also called "external clouds".

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Public Cloud (2/2)

• Obtaining an instance of a cloud computing environment via a public

cloud is easy and inexpensive because hardware, application, and
bandwidth costs are covered by the provider.
• Computing resources in a public cloud can be scaled to meet the
needs of the cloud users.
• A public cloud can use flexible pricing models.
• No resources are wasted because the cloud users pay for what they use on an
as- needed basis, without the requirement to invest in additional internal
infrastructure.
• A public cloud helps businesses shift the bulk of the costs from
capital expenditures and IT infrastructure investment to a utility
operating expense model. A public cloud also helps isolate the end-
users from the complexity of IT operations and management.

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Private Cloud (1/2)

• Private cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to
describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks.
• These (typically virtualization automation) products claim to "deliver some
benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data
security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns.
• Private clouds are where activities and functions are provided "as a
service" over a company's intranet.
• Private clouds are built by an organization for its own users, and everything is
delivered within the organization's firewall (instead of the Internet).
• The private cloud owner does not share resources with any other companies,
so multitenancy is not an issue. Therefore, private clouds are also called
"internal clouds".

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Private Cloud (2/2)

• A private cloud is owned by an enterprise and can only be accessed

by internal users.
• A private cloud is deployed internally behind the corporate security
firewall.
• A private cloud is operated and maintained by either the enterprise's
IT operations or by a 3rd party cloud service provider.
• By totally owning a cloud computing environment, an enterprise can
provide and govern computing resources (physical servers,
application servers, storage space, applications, services, etc.) in an
efficient, compliant, and secure manner.
• At the same time, by using a private cloud, an enterprise can also achieve
significant cost saving from the infrastructure's consolidation and
virtualization.

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Hybrid Cloud (1/2)

• The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct

cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain
unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary
technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud
bursting for load balancing between clouds).
• A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or
external providers "will be typical for most enterprises".
• By integrating multiple cloud services, users may be able to ease the
transition to public cloud services while avoiding issues such as PCI
compliance.
• Hybrid clouds are where the external and internal service delivery
methods are integrated. Rules and policies are established by the
organization based on factors such as security needs, criticality, and
underlying architecture so that activities and tasks are allocated to
external or internal clouds as appropriate.
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Hybrid Cloud (2/2)

• A hybrid cloud model is prevalent in the industry today as it helps

enterprises achieve substantial savings from investments in the
infrastructure required to provide resources via public clouds.
• At the same time, a hybrid cloud also provides secure ways for
enterprises to keep and protect sensitive data under their own control
of private clouds.

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Community Cloud

• The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific

community of consumers from organizations that have shared
concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations).
• It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the
organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of
them, and it may exist on or off premises.
• Community cloud examples
• Community cloud for government sector
• Community cloud for the education sector
• Community cloud for the healthcare sector

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Virtual Private Cloud

• A virtual private cloud (VPC) can help quickly create an economical

and functional computing environment and provide additional
security measures and system management tools.
• A VPC provides transparent connections between cloud and
enterprise resources.
• A VPC provides isolation within the cloud and the secure
communication channels between remote locations.
• A VPC provides flexible resource allocation schemas which can
dynamically respond to changes in cloud and network resources.

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Amazon VPC Amazon
VPC

• Enables you to provision a

logically isolated section of
the AWS Cloud where you AWS Cloud
can launch AWS resources
in a virtual network that
you define Region
• Gives you control over Availability Zone 1 Availability Zone 2
your virtual networking
resources, including: VPC
• Selection of IP address
range Subnet Subnet
• Creation of subnets
• Configuration of route tables
and network gateways
• Enables you to customize
the network configuration
for your VPC
• Enables you to use multiple
layers of security

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Public vs. Private vs. Hybrid

• Public Cloud
• Service provider lets clients access the cloud via the Internet
• Made available to the general public or a wide industry group
• Private Cloud
• The cloud infrastructure is used solely by the organization that owns it
• May reside in-house or off premises
• Hybrid Cloud
• Composed of two or more clouds that remain unique entities but that can
interoperate using standard or proprietary protocols

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Section 4: Service Models
Chapter 2: Cloud Characteristics and Models
Cloud service models

IaaS PaaS SaaS

(infrastructure as a (platform as a (software as a
service) service) service)

More control Less control

over IT resources over IT resources

© 2022, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 32
Software as a service (SaaS)

• Deliver software as a service over the internet, eliminating the need to

install and run the application
• Tenancy: the same environment can be shared among many
customers or users.
• Payment method: the SaaS is normally modeled as pay-as-you- go,
which is different from traditional licensed applications.
• Application management: the SaaS provider is responsible for
managing the computing environment.
• Application upgrade: the SaaS provider can upgrade the application
or release new features seamlessly, in contrast to the traditional and
costly software upgrade.

33
Platform as a service (PaaS)

• PaaS delivers a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service,

often consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud
applications.
• It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of
buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
• A computing platform describes some sort of hardware architecture or
software framework (including application frameworks), that allows
software to run. A PaaS delivers a computing platform as a service.

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Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

• IaaS delivers computer infrastructure, typically a platform

virtualization environment, as a service.
• Utility computing relates to the business model in which application
infrastructure resources, hardware, and/or software are delivered.
• Cloud computing relates to the way we design, build, deploy, and run
applications that operate in a visualized environment, sharing
resources and boasting the ability to dynamically grow, shrink, and
self-heal.

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SaaS vs. PaaS vs. IaaS

• SaaS delivers software (applications) as a service over the Internet.

• PaaS delivers computing platform (e.g., middleware platform and
solution stack) as a service.
• IaaS delivers computer infrastructure (normally a virtual machine) as
a service.

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Cloud service models

37
SaaS vs. PaaS vs. IaaS Layers of Cloud
Computing

38
SaaS vs. PaaS vs. IaaS Layers Tradeoffs

39
Service models of cloud service platforms

40
Similarities between AWS and traditional IT

Traditional, on-premises IT space AWS

Security
Security groups
Firewalls ACLs Administrators Network ACLs IAM

Networking
Router Network pipeline Switch Elastic Load Balancing Amazon VPC

On-premises
Compute
servers Amazon EC2
AMI
instances

RDBM Storage and

DAS SAN NAS S database Amazon EBS Amazon Amazon Amazon RDS
EFS S3

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Section 5: Cloud Reference Architecture
Chapter 2: Cloud Characteristics and Models
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
(CCRA) (1/2)
• CCRA is a generic high-level conceptual model that is a powerful
tool for discussing the requirements, structures, and operations of
cloud computing.
• The model is not tied to any specific vendor products, services, or reference
implementation, nor does it define prescriptive solutions that inhibit
innovation.
• It defines a set of actors, activities, and functions that can be used in the
process of developing cloud computing architectures, and relates to a
companion cloud computing taxonomy.
• It contains a set of views and descriptions that are the basis for discussing the
characteristics, uses and standards for cloud computing.
• The NIST CCRA focuses on the requirements of what cloud service
provides, not on a design that defines a solution and its
implementation [2].
• It is intended to facilitate the understanding of the operational intricacies in
cloud computing.
43
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
(CCRA) (1/2)
• The reference architecture does not represent the system architecture
of a specific cloud computing system;
• instead, it is a tool for describing, discussing, and developing the system-
specific architecture using a common framework of reference.
• The design of the CCRA serves the objectives to:
• illustrate and understand various cloud services in the context of an overall
cloud computing conceptual model;
• provide technical references to USG agencies and other consumers to
understand, discuss, categorize, and compare cloud services; and
• communicate and analyze security, interoperability, and portability candidate
standards and reference implementations.
• The NIST CCRA defines five major actors: cloud consumer, cloud
provider, cloud auditor, cloud broker, and cloud carrier.
• Each actor is an entity (a person or an organization) that participates in a
transaction or process and/or performs tasks in cloud computing.
44
Actors in Cloud Computing

Actor Definition
Cloud Consumer Person or organization that maintains a business relationship with,
and uses service from, Cloud Providers.

Cloud Provider Person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service

available to Cloud Consumers.

A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services,

Cloud Auditor
information system operations, performance, and security of the cloud
implementation.
An entity that manages the use, performance, and delivery of cloud
Cloud Broker services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and
Cloud Consumers
Cloud Carrier The intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud
services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.

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Interactions between the Actors in Cloud
Computing

46
1-Cloud Consumer

• The cloud consumer is the ultimate stakeholder that the cloud

computing service is created to support.
• A cloud consumer represents a person or organization that maintains
a business relationship with, and uses the service from, a cloud
provider.
• A cloud consumer browses the service catalog from a cloud provider,
requests the appropriate service, sets up service contracts with the
cloud provider, and uses the service.
• The cloud consumer may be billed for the service provisioned, and
needs to arrange payments accordingly.
• Depending on the services requested, the activities and usage scenarios can be
different among cloud consumers,

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Cloud Consumer and Cloud Provider

Type Consumer Activities Provider Activities

Installs, manages, maintains, and
Uses application/service for
SaaS supports the software application on a
business process operations.
cloud infrastructure.
Provisions and manages cloud
infrastructure and middleware for the
Develops, tests, deploys, and
platform consumers; provides
PaaS manages applications hosted in
development, deployment, and
a cloud environment.
administration tools to platform
consumers.
Provisions and manages the physical
Creates/installs, manages, and
processing, storage, networking, and
IaaS monitors services for IT
the hosting environment and cloud
infrastructure operations.
infrastructure for IaaS consumers.

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Example of Services Available to a Cloud
Consumer

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2-Cloud Provider

• A cloud provider can be a person, an organization, or an entity

responsible for making a service available to cloud consumers.
• A cloud provider builds the requested software/platform/
infrastructure services, manages the technical infrastructure required
for providing the services, provisions the services at agreed-upon
service levels, and protects the security and privacy of the services.
• Cloud providers major activities includes Service Deployment,
Service Orchestration, Cloud Service Management, Security and
Privacy.

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2.1-Service deployment
• A cloud infrastructure may be operated in one of the following deployment
models:
• Public cloud
• Private cloud
• Community cloud, or
• Hybrid cloud.

51
2.2-Service orchestration
• Service orchestration refers to the arrangement, coordination, and
management of cloud infrastructure to provide different cloud services to
meet IT and business requirements.
• A three-layered framework is identified for a generalized cloud environment:
• Service layer
• Resource abstraction and control layer
• Physical resource layer

52
2.3-Cloud service management
• Cloud Service Management includes all of the service-related functions that
are necessary for the management and operation of those services required
by or proposed to cloud consumers.
• Cloud service management can be described from the perspective of business
support, provisioning and configuration, and from the perspective of
portability and interoperability requirements.

53
2.4-Security
• It is critical to recognize that security is cross-cutting that spans across all
layers of the reference model, ranges from physical security to application
security, and in general, shares the responsibility between cloud provider and
federal cloud consumer.
• For example, the protection of the physical resource layer requires physical security
that denies unauthorized access to the building, facility, resource, or stored
information.
• Cloud providers should ensure that the facility hosting cloud services is
secure and that their staff has proper background checks.
• When data or application is moved to a cloud, it is important to ensure that
the cloud offering satisfies the security requirements and enforces the
compliance rules.
• An independent audit should be conducted to verify the compliance with
regulation or security policy.

54
2.5-Privacy
• Cloud providers should protect the assured, proper, and consistent collection,
processing, communication, use and disposition of personal information (PI)
and personally identifiable information (PII) in the cloud.
• According to the CIO Council, one of the federal government’s key business
imperatives is to ensure the privacy of the collected personally identifiable
information.
• PII is the information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual’s identity,
such as their name, social security number, biometric records, etc., alone, or when
combined with other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a
specific individual, such as date and place of birth, mother’s maiden name, etc.
• Though cloud computing provides a flexible solution for shared resources,
software and information, it also poses additional privacy challenges to
consumers using the clouds.

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3-Cloud Auditor

• A cloud auditor is a party that can conduct independent assessment of

cloud services, information system operations, performance, and
security of a cloud implementation.
• A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud
provider in terms of security controls, privacy impact, performance,
etc.

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4-Cloud Broker (1/2)

• As cloud computing evolves, the integration of cloud services can be

too complex for cloud consumers to manage.
• A cloud consumer may request cloud services from a cloud broker,
instead of contacting a cloud provider directly.
• A cloud service brokerage (CSB) – an entity that manages the use,
performance, and delivery of cloud services and negotiates
relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers.
• Cloud broker provide services in three categories:
• Service Intermediation
• Service Aggregation
• Service Arbitrage
• e.g., Jamcracker as a Cloud Service Broker provides an option
through which a company can choose and manage various cloud
platforms and services [5]. 
57
4-Cloud Broker (2/2)

• Service Intermediation
• A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some specific
capability and provides the value-added service to cloud consumers.
• Service Aggregation
• A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services into one or more
new services. The broker will provide data integration and ensure the secure
data movement between cloud consumer and multiple cloud providers.
• Service Arbitrage
• Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation, with the difference in that
the services being aggregated aren’t fixed. Service arbitrage allows flexible
and opportunistic choices for the broker. For example, the cloud broker can
use a credit-scoring service and select the best score from multiple scoring
agencies.

58
3-Cloud Carrier

• A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of

cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud providers.
• Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network, telecommunication,
and other access devices.
• Integrate some of the components and features found in telecom networks
e.g., wide area networks (WAN), virtual private networks (VPN),
open APIs and dynamic resource allocation. 
• Cloud consumers can obtain cloud services through network access devices,
such as computers, laptops, mobile phones, mobile Internet devices (MIDs),
etc.
• The distribution of cloud services is normally provided by network and
telecommunication carriers or a transport agent, where a transport agent refers to
a business organization that provides physical transport of storage media such as
high-capacity hard drives.
• A cloud provider will set up service level agreements (SLAs) with a cloud carrier
to provide services consistent with the level of SLAs offered to cloud consumers,
and may require the cloud carrier to provide dedicated and encrypted connections
between cloud consumers and cloud providers. 59
Other CCRAs

• The ISO/IEC 17789 Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

specifies the cloud computing roles, cloud computing activities, and
the cloud computing functional components and their relationships
[6][7].
• It defines four different views for the CRA:
• User View
• Functional View
• Implementation View
• Deployment View.

60
Activity Work in Group: Discuss CCRA

Subtopic Group
Overview (purpose & benefits) Danish Attractive slides & details
explanation
Cloud Consumer Hayati Good comparison table with
examples
Cloud Provider Chong Well organise contents
Sarween Thorough contents and well
Cloud Auditor
researched
Cloud Broker Isaac Helpful illustration and example
Cloud Carrier Izrin Good effort in explanation that
include the process and sub-criteria

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Section 6: Cloud Platform Reference Architecture
Chapter 2: Cloud Characteristics and Models
Cloud Platform Reference Architectures (2/2)

• IBM Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (CCRA) ver. 4.0 [3]

• CCRA provides prescriptive guidance on how to build IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and
Service Provider cloud solutions with IBM technology
• AWS Security Reference Architecture [4]
• A comprehensive set of examples, guides, and design considerations that you
can use to deploy the full complement of AWS security services in a multi-
account environment that you manage through AWS Organizations.
• The architecture and accompanying recommendations are based on AWS
experience with enterprise customers.

64
Example: IBM Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (1/2)

65
Example: IBM Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (2/2)

66
Well Architected Framework

• Well Architected Framework (WAF) provides recommendations and

describes best practices to help architects, developers, administrators,
and other cloud practitioners design and operate a cloud topology
that's secure, efficient, resilient, high-performing, and cost-effective.
• AWS Well Architected Framework (AWS WAF)
• A guide for designing infrastructures that are secure, high-performing, resilient and efficient
• A consistent approach to evaluating and implementing cloud architectures
• A way to provide best practices that were developed through lessons learned by reviewing
customer architectures
• Google Cloud Architecture Framework
• Provides recommendations and describes best practices to help architects, developers,
administrators, and other cloud practitioners design and operate a cloud topology that's
secure, efficient, resilient, high-performing, and cost-effective.
• Alibaba Cloud’s Well-Architectured Framework
• Helps cloud architects build the most secure, resilient, and efficient infrastructure possible for
their applications through the three pillars
67
Pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework

68
The AWS Well-Architected Tool
• Helps you review the state of your workloads and compares them to the latest
AWS architectural best practices
• Gives you access to knowledge and best practices used by AWS architects,
whenever you need it
• Delivers an action plan with step-by-step guidance on how to build better
workloads for the cloud
• Provides a consistent process for you to review and measure your cloud
architectures

69
Takeaway

• Cloud computing enables you to think of (and use) your infrastructure

as software.
• There are three cloud service models: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
• There are three cloud deployment models: cloud, hybrid, and on-
premises or private cloud.
• Cloud Reference Architecture (CRA) helps to achieve the balance
between security and governance from one side and agility and speed
of delivery from the other side.
• To achieve this balance, a need to adopt a framework or/and
enterprise scaffold that helps the organisation to achieve governance
at different levels. Deploying resources using this framework ensures
that resources you deploy in the cloud are secure and adhere the
organisation policies.
External References

• [1] The NIST Definition of Cloud

Computing,
[Link]
[Link]
• [2] NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap,
[Link]
[Link]
• [3] IBM CCRA 4.0
[Link]
[Link]
• [4] [Link]
nce-architecture/[Link]
• [5] [Link]
essentials
• [6] [Link]
• [7] [Link]
e%20Cloud%20Reference%20Architecture%20(CRA)%20serves%20as%271