WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION

Outline of Presentations
1. Introduction

2. Measurement of Area

3. Computation of Area by Geometrical Figures

4. Area from Offsets

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 1. Introduction Page 498

One of the objects of many of the surveys is to obtain quantities such as areas and volumes.
After plotting and finishing a plan, the surveyor is to make a true record of areas and

earthworks of the various properties shown on it.

This chapter deals with the methods employed for the measurement of areas.
The British units of area measurements are square feet or acres, whereas the metric units are

square metres or hectares.

1 acres = 43560 square feet

1 hectare = 10000 square metres

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 2. Measurement of Area Page 499

 Foremost amongst the reasons for making land surveys is for the determination of area.

 Field Measurement and Plan Measurement (Two Measurements)

 Field Measurement : These may be made by dividing the area into geometrical

figures, offsets from base line, double meridian distances, and ordinates.

 Plan Measurement : These may be made by computations based on measurements scaled

from plan or by use of a planimeter.

 The former method is more accurate, since the errors that may creep in because of plotting and

scaling in the latter method are eliminated.

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 3. Computation of Area by Geometrical Figures Page 499
 The land can be divided into
 a series of triangles
 making the necessary measurements
 calculating the area of each triangle by the usual geometrical and trigonometric
formula
 Adding all of these to find the total area.
Geometric Formulae for Area,
Triangle : A = base x half of the perpendicular height
Parallelogram : A = base x perpendicular height
Trapezoid : A = half of the parallel sides x perpendicular height

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 4. Area from Offsets Page 500
 Offsets are made from a base line to an irregular boundary.

1. Mid-Ordinate Rule

The offsets h1, h 2 , ..., h n are measured at the mid-point of each division.

Area = Average ordinate x length of base

h1  h 2  ...  h n
Area  n L

h1  h 2  ...  h n
 n nd   h1  h 2  ...  h n  d
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 Continued
2. Average Ordinate Rule Page
501

O1, O2 , ..., On

The offsets are measured at the end of each division and are spaced apart
O1  O2  ...  On
at equal distances d. Area 
n 1
L

O1  O2  ...  On
 nd  nd  O
n 1 n 1

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 Continued
3. Trapezoidal Rule Page 501

O1  O2
Area of first trapezoid  d
2
O2  O3
Area of second trapezoid  d
2
On  O n - 1
Area of last trapezoid  d
2
O  O O2  O3 O  On 1 
A  d  1 2   ...  n

2 2 2 

 O1  On 
d   O2  O3  ... On 1


2 
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 Continued
4. Simpson’s Rule Page 501

O1  O3
Area of trapezoid ABCD  x 2d
2
2
Area enclosed by segment CIDHC  x Area of parallelogram CDEF
3

 2 x (HI x AB)
3
2  O 2 - O1  O3 
 
  
 x 2d
3  2 
 
  10
4. Simpson’s Rule (Continued)

2  O 2 - O1  O3 
O1  O3  

Area of first two divisions  x 2d    x 2d 
2 3  2  
  

 d (O1  4O2  O3 )
3
d
Area of next two divisions  3 (O3  4O4  O5 )

d
Area of last two divisions 3 (On -2  4On -1  On )

 
A  O1  4O2  2O3  4O4  ... 2On -2  4On 1  On x
d
3


A  O1  On  4O2  O4  On 1  2O3  O5  On  2  d 3
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Eg 12.1 Determine the area in hectares between the line AB and a meandering stream for
offsets taken at a regular interval of 20 m along the line AB as shown in figure. Use both the
trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule. Page 503

Solution O  O 
Ad  1 n  O 2  O3  ...  O n 1
 2 
Interval d = 20 m  

 20  23  22  40  42  30  32  60 10 14
 
Trapezoidal Rule, 2

 


 5010 m2  0.501 hectares

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Eg 12.1 (Continued)

Simpson’s Rule
A  O1  On  4O2  O4  On 1  2O3  O5  On  2 d
3

 23  22 4 x 40  30  60 14  2 x 42  32 10 x 20

3

 5260 m2  0.526 hectares

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Eg 12.2 The following perpendicular offsets were taken from a chain line to an irregular
boundary:

Calculate the area between the chain line and the irregular boundary by (i) average ordinate rule
(ii) mid-ordinate rule (iii) trapezoidal rule and (iv) Simpson’s rule. Page 503
O  O2  ...  On
A 1 nd
Solution n 1

(i) Average Ordinate Rule  0  2.65  3.8  3.75  4.65  3.6  5  5.8 x 7 x 30
7 1

 767.825 m 2

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Eg.12.2 (Continued) (ii) mid-ordinate rule
h1  0  2.65  1.325 m
2

h 2  2.65  3.8  3.225 m

2

h 3  3.8  3.75  3.775 m

2

h 4  3.75  4.65  4.2 m

2

h 5  4.65  3.6  4.125 m

2

h 6  3.6  5  4.3 m
2

h 7  5  5.8  5.4 m
2

A  h1  h 2  ...  h n  d

 1.325  3.225  3.775  4.2  4.125  4.3  5.4 x 30  793.2 m 2

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Eg.12.2 (Continued)
 O  On 
(iii) trapezoidal rule Ad  1
2
 O 2  O3  ...  O n 1 

 


 30  0  5.8  2.65  3.8  3.75  4.65  3.6  5

 
 2 

 790.5 m 2


A1  O1  O7  4O 2  O4  O6  2O3  O5  d
3

(iv) Simpson’s rule
 0  5 42.65  3.75  3.6 23.8  4.6530
3
 619 m 2
O7  O8
A2  xd
2

 5  5.8 x 30
2
 162 m 2

A  619 162  781 m 2

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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