Basic C++ Programming

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Contents
 Objectives
 Learning Outcomes
 Introduction of C++
 Basic Structure of C++ Program
 Whitespace
 Escape Sequence
 The endl manipulator
 Comments
 Exercise
 Summary
 References

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Objectives

 To understand the C++ compiler and basic C++ program

construct
 To understand how to write, compile and execute(Run) the
program
 To know how to use library functions in C++ program

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 Learning Outcomes

 On completion of the lecture the student will be able to:

 understand the basic program construction

 understand how to write the output on screen

 understand how to write comments, escape sequence

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 Introduction of C++

 C++ is a high-level Programming Language

 C++ is a compiler
 Compiler take source code and transform it into executable
files.
 Source files are text files(extension .CPP) file.

 Executable files have (extension .EXE) and can be

executed either from within your compiler or directly from
a DOS window.

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Introduction of C++

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 Basic structure of C++ program
//[Link] C++ Program

#include <iostream>  Preprocessor Directive Editor (IDE)

.cpp file
using namespace std;  Using Directive
Preprocessor
int main()
{ Compiler
programstatement1; .obj file
programstatement2; Function
Library Linker
return 0;
} .exe file
Loader

CPU

Output

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 About Basic Program
 Line 1, Start with a number sign ‘#’ is called preprocessor
directive. The <iostream.h> is called a header file.
 Line 2 is Using Directive.
 Line 3 is a function called main( ). The int is the return value
of function main().
 Line 5 and 6 are the program statements.
 Line 7 is the return statement.
 Line 4 is the begin of the function main() and line 8 is the end
of the function main().

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 Preprocessor Directives

The first line of the program - #include <iostream.h>

 It starts with a number sign, (#) and does not end with a
semicolon, called a preprocessor directive.
 A preprocessor directive is not a program statement.
 It is an instruction to the compiler.
 The preprocessor directive #include tells the compiler to insert
another files into your source file.
 The type file usually included by #include is called a header
file.

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 Header Files
 Many functions and symbols needed to run a C++ program are
provided as collection of libraries.
 Every library has a name and is referred to by a header file.
 Each header file contains file access, mathematical computations,
and data conversion, among other its information for a particular
group of library functions.
 The preprocessor directives #include tells the compiler to add the
source file iostream.h to the source file before compiling.
 iostream.h is an example of a header file, and also called include
file.
 It’s concerned with basic input/output operations.
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 Using Directive
 Using Directive allows all the names in a namespace to be used.
 Namespace is a declarative region that provides a scope to the
identifiers (the names of types, functions, variables, etc) inside it.
 Namespace a part of the program in which certain names are
recognized; outside of namespace they’re unknown.
 Example: using namespace std;
 If you do not use the using directive,
 std :: cout<< “Hi! Students” ;

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 Functions

 Functions are one of the fundamental building blocks of C++.

 In a C++ program, consists a single function called main ().
 The parentheses following the word main are the
distinguishing feature of a function.
 This function has a return value of type int.
 The body of the function is surround by braces, called curly
brackets. A function body can consist of many statements.
 Parentheses aren’t always empty.

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 Always Start with main()
 When you run a C++ program, the first statement executed will
be at the beginning of a function called main().
 The program may consist of many functions, classes, and other
program elements, but on startup, control always goes to main().
 If there is no function called main() in your program, an error
will be reported when you run the program.

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 Getting Started
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello world!" << endl;
return 0;
}

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 Output statement

 Syntax for output

cout << “Hello world!” ;
 The identifier “cout” is the standard output stream, flow of
data. (pronounced “C out” )
 The operator “<<” is called the insertion or put to operator
which sends the text output to display.
 The phrase in quotation marks “text output” is called a string
constant which is the text you would like to display.

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 Whitespace
 Consider the program: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
  int main ()
  {     cout
     <<
    "Hello! Welcome to UCSY"
    ; return
 0;}

 Whitespace is defined as spaces, carriage returns, linefeeds,

tabs, vertical tabs, and form feeds. These characters are
invisible to the compiler.
 Actually, the compiler ignores whitespace almost completely.

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 Example Program

Write a C++ program that will display the following message

on the screen.

My name is “Cherry Phue”.

My registration number is ‘7777’.

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 Escape Sequences
 The backslash causes an “escape” “\’” from the normal way
characters are interpreted.

 cout<<“My name is \“Cherry Phue\”.”;

 Escape sequences can be used as separate characters or

embedded in string constants.

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Escape Sequences (Cont’d)

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 Escape Sequences (Cont’d)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"My name is \"Cherry Phue\".\nMy Registeration
number is \'7777\'.";
return 0;
}

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 The endl manipulator

 The endl manipulator causes a linefeed to be inserted into the

stream, subsequent text is display on the next line.
Manipulators are instructions to the output stream that modify
the output in various ways.
Same effect as using ‘\n’ character but it causes the output buffer
to be flushed, but it happens invisibly so for most purposes the
two are equivalent.

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 The endl manipulator

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"My name is \"Cherry Phue\"."<<endl<<"My
Registeration number is \'7777\'.";
return 0;
}

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 Cascading

 The cascading of the input and output operators refers to the

consecutive occurrence of input or output operators in a single
statement.
 Example cascading cout
 cout << “Hello !“ << “\“Happy New Year\”” <<“\n”;

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 Comments
 Comments are an important part of any program.
 Comments help the person writing a program and anyone else
who must read the source file, understand what’s going on.
 Compiler ignores comments, so they do not add the file size or
execution time of the executable program.

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 Comments syntax
C++ has two comments style:
1. Comments start with a double slash symbol(//) and terminate
at the end of the line.
// single line comment (preferred)

2. You can write a multiline comment with only two comment

symbols:
/* this is an old-style comment */
/* this
is a potentially
very long
multiline comment */

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 When to use Comments

Use comments to
Explain to the person looking at the listing what you’re
trying to do.
Example,
Identify program
 who wrote it
Record when program was written
Add descriptions of modifications

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 Comments (Example)
// [Link]
// This program demonstrates comments
#include <iostream> //preprocessor directive
using namespace std; // using directive
int main() //function name “main”
{ //start function body
cout << “Every age has a language of its own\n”; //statement

return 0; // return statement

} //end function body

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 Exercise
1. Write a C++ program that will display the following welcome
message on the screen.

Welcome to UCSY and I love writing C++ program.

2. Write a C++ program that will display your name and ID on

the screen.

My name is Aye Aye and My registration number is 22022.

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 Exercises
3. Type the following codes and compile and run it. What output will
be display?
cout<<“Listen to the beep now.\a”;
cout<<“\n Where is the \’t\’ in cat\b?\n\n”;
cout<<“I earned $50 \r where is the money?\n”;
cout<<“The rabbit jumps \t\t two tabs.\n\n”;

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 Summary
 How to write new program with basic structure
 How to save the program
 How to open the specific program
 Whitespace
 Escape Sequence
 The endl manipulator
 Comments

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 References

1. Object-Oriented Programming in C++ (Fourth Edition) by Robert Lafore

2. Programming Logic and Design Comprehensive (Sixth Edition) by Joyce

Farrell

3. Data Structures using C++ by Varsah H. Patil

4. C++ Language Tutorial (e-book)

5. C Programming for Engineering & Computer Science by H.H. Tan and T.B.

D’Orazio

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Thank You!

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