L.A.S.
Summarize and
Paraphrase the text
you provided
Paraphrasing
It is the restatement and
restructuring of ideas for the
purpose of meaning making.
Summary
It’s a brief, accurate restatement of a speaker’s
or a writer’s words (1/3 of the original text)
Webster's calls a summary the "general idea in
brief form”.
Short account of the central ideas of a
text
It is a short or abbreviated version of the
original text.
A summary is a
significant
reduction
of the original
source.
To write an effective summary, follow
these guidelines:
1. Read the original text several times. Make
sure to comprehend it well.
2. Identify the text structure (compare-
contrast, cause-effect, etc. ) by looking into
how the relationships between ideas are
established.
To write an effective summary, follow these
guidelines:
3. Determine the main idea of the piece you have read or
viewed and its important details. Write one sentence that
captures that main idea. You can use graphic organizer for
this.
To write an effective summary, follow these
guidelines:
4. Use what you remember from the reading or
viewing.
5. Write the summary in your own words.
6. After you have written the summary, you can
revisit the source to confirm facts.
Avoid these common problems …
Do not express an opinion about the source.
Neither disagree ...
Do not give additional information.
The ideas in the summarized text must all be seen
in the original text.
IMPORTANCE OF
SUMMARIZING
Practice in It will also help you to
summarizing will be more efficient in:
improve your: studying
thinking preparing reports
speaking taking notes
writing writing tests
Example Text
A penny for your thoughts? If it’s a 1943 copper
coin, it could be worth as much as fifty thousand
dollars. In 1943, most coins were made out of steel
since copper was needed for World War II, so, the
1943 copper coin is ultra-rare.
Another rarity is the 1955 double die penny.
These coins were mistakenly double stamped, so
they have overlapping dates and letters. If it’s
uncirculated, it’d easily fetch $25,000 at an auction.
Incorrect Example Response 1
This text is about coins
This response is too short.
It does not include key ideas.
Incorrect Example Response 2
The 1943 copper penny is worth a lot of money. Copper was
hard to get during the war so there aren’t many of them. The
1955 double die penny is worth a lot too. These coins were
stamped twice on accident.
• Too much unnecessary stuff.
• Main idea is not clear.
Correct Example Response
This text is about two very rare and
valuable pennies: the 1943 copper penny and
the 1955 double die penny.
• Includes key information.
• Doesn’t include unnecessary information
• Is a complete sentence
Activity 1: “Let me see it!”
DIRECTIONS:
Give the overall message of
the picture by looking at the
specific details of it. Write only
one sentence about its overall
message.
Activity 1
Criteria: Give the overall
message of the
• Content-5 picture by looking at
• Organization/ the specific details of
Clarity-5 it. Write only one
T O T A L-10 sentence about its
overall message.
Activity 1: “Let me see it!”
Give the overall
message of the
picture by looking at
the specific details of
it. Write only one
sentence about its
overall message.
Activity 1: “Let me see it!”
Give the overall
message of the
picture by looking at
the specific details of
it. Write only one
sentence about its
overall message.
Activity 1: “Let me see it!”
Give the overall
message of the
picture by looking at
the specific details of
it. Write only one
sentence about its
overall message.
Activity 1: “Let me see it!”
Give the overall
message of the
picture by looking at
the specific details of
it. Write only one
sentence about its
overall message.
Most Essential Learning Competency
States the thesis statement of an
academic text CS_EN11/12A-
EAPP-Ia-c-6
OBJECTIVES:
a) identify what a thesis statement is;
b) distinguish weak and strong thesis
statements; and
c) develop a thesis statement for a
given text
Main Idea
&
Thesis
Statement
Topi
c is the bigger umbrella of
It
thought from which the text is
anchored.
Stated in word or Phrase
It is different from main idea/
thesis.
Main Idea
The main idea of a paragraph
is its comment on the topic
Thesis Statement
Overall idea in an essay or
text.
It is the nutshell of an essay.
Thesis Statement
The main idea is usually a general
statement which is elucidated in the
material through rhetorical devices
such as examples and analysis
MAIN IDEA
• the “big point”, most important idea, or general
statement of the content of the paragraph that the
writer is communicating to the reader
• is like the heart of the text or a paragraph
• is the controlling idea
All the other supporting details in the text or within a
paragraph should tell us more about the main idea.
MAIN IDEA
•Read this short paragraph:
Engineers create wealth for society. So, tennis is
a game and the resources of the earth are scarce.
Have you gone mad? Thus, the only solution is to
educate the public on being socially responsible.
DID THIS MAKE SENSE?
MAIN IDEA
• provides order, progression, and unity to the paragraph
by tying together the sentences
• without it, the paragraph would be nothing but a
collection of unrelated ideas
MAIN IDEA
•Read this short paragraph:
The students had fun on their field trip. They
visited the Marine Museum. They were able to
tour a tug boat, and they bought souvenirs in the
gift shop. After the tours, they ate a picnic lunch in
the park and played with their friends.
This makes sense!
Stating Main Ideas
1. Deductive Order (Beginning of the
text )
2. Inductive Order (End of the text)
3. Inferential / Emplicit
Thesis Statement
The purpose of a thesis statement is to state
the point of an idea to convey to the
reader in the development of an essay.
Thesis= Topic + Claim
+ Analysis /+Opinion/+Stance/position+/
Controlling Thought or direction
A thesis statement is generally consists of two
parts: you topic, and then the analysis,
explanation(s), or claim that you’re making
about the topic.
THESIS STATEMENT
•one sentence statement that expresses the
overall main idea of the text
•an arguable statement that communicates the
author’s stance on a topic to the reader; makes a
claim that others might argue
THESIS STATEMENT
• serves as a roadmap of the text you are reading
• can be seen at the beginning, middle, or end of the
text
• Beginning thesis statement + supporting details=
deductive order
• supporting details + thesis statement=inductive order
THESIS STATEMENT
Main Idea at the Beginning and End of the Paragraph
We are on our way to becoming cashless, checkless society, a
trend that began with the credit card. Now some banks are offering
“debit cards” instead of the credit cards. That costs of purchases made
with these cards are deducted from the holder’s bank account instead
of being added at the monthly bill. And checking accounts, which are
mainly used for paying bills, are going electronic. Now some people can
make computer transactions over their pushbutton phones to pay bills
by transferring money from their account to the account of whomever
they owe. Soon we may be able to conduct most of our business
without signing a check or actually seeing the money we earn and
spend.
THESIS STATEMENT
MAIN IDEAS:
Beginning of the paragraph: We are on our way to
becoming cashless, checkless society, a trend that
began with the credit card.
End of the paragraph: Soon we may be able to
conduct most of our business without signing a
check or actually seeing the money we earn and
spend.
THESIS STATEMENT
Main Idea at the Middle/Within the Paragraph
It is preceded by one or more introductory sentence that may relate to the main
idea to the previous paragraph, arouse the reader’s interest or give background
for the main reason.
Sample Text:
The physical complains of neurotics—people who are overly anxious,
pessimistic, hostile, or tense—were once largely ignored by physicians. Many
doctors believed that the frequent complaint of neurotic were exaggerations.
However, new research shows that neurotics are, fact, more likely to have
physical problems. Specifically, researchers found neurotics stand a greater
chance of having five particular ailments: arthritis, asthma, ulcer, headache,
and heart disease. In addition, there is evidence that people who are pessimistic
in their teens and twenties are more likely to become ill or die in their forties.
THESIS STATEMENT
MAIN IDEA: However, new research shows that
neurotics are, fact, more likely to have physical
problems.
The two sentences before the topic sentence
introduce the question of the physical health of the
neurotics. The topic sentence gives the writer’s main
idea on the topic. The last two sentences develop the
main idea by giving specific details of the relevant
research.
THESIS STATEMENT
Main Idea at the End of the Paragraph
A study at one prison show that owning a pet can change a
hardened prison inmate into a more caring person. Another study
discovered that senior citizens, both those living alone and those in
nursing homes, became more interested in life when they were given
pets to care for. Even emotionally disturbed children have been
observed to smile and react with interest if there is a cuddly kitten or
puppy to hold. Animals, then, can be means of therapy for many
kinds of individuals.
MAIN IDEA: Animals, then, can be means of therapy for many kinds
of individuals.
MAIN IDEA
•Read this short paragraph:
Radio Frequency ID (RFID) card is better than the usual printed ID. RFID could
easily monitor students’ tardiness and absences and will be instantly relayed to the
parents because it has a texting mechanism to inform every parent regarding the
in and out of students. On the other hand, the usual printed ID doesn’t have this
latest technology that would inform immediately the parents regarding their
children’s attendance upon tapping the said card to the system. It is, then, an
answer to our problem to the students who are at risk of dropping out. Parents
need to know instantly the status of their children to know if they are really going
to school or not. We are now in the technologically-advanced world. Thus, we
need to capitalize on this for a faster and more effective communication.
DEDUCTIVE ORDER
THESIS STATEMENT
Main Idea at the End of the Paragraph
A study at one prison show that owning a pet can change a hardened
prison inmate into a more caring person. Another study discovered that
senior citizens, both those living alone and those in nursing homes,
became more interested in life when they were given pets to care for. Even
emotionally disturbed children have been observed to smile and react with
interest if there is a cuddly kitten or puppy to hold. Animals, then, can
be means of therapy for many kinds of individuals.
MAIN IDEA: Animals, then, can be means of therapy for many kinds of
individuals.
INDUCTIVE ORDER
THESIS STATEMENT
• requires proofs or evidences to make your stand more
convincing and effective
• can be explicit or implicit
implicit thesis statements-do not clearly express the main idea of a
text; reader has to infer from all the details stated in the text
explicit thesis statements -express the main idea clearly and
directly in the text read
MAIN IDEA
•Read this short paragraph:
Radio Frequency ID (RFID) card is better than the usual printed ID. RFID could
easily monitor students’ tardiness and absences and will be instantly relayed to the
parents because it has a texting mechanism to inform every parent regarding the
in and out of students. On the other hand, the usual printed ID doesn’t have this
latest technology that would inform immediately the parents regarding their
children’s attendance upon tapping the said card to the system. It is, then, an
answer to our problem to the students who are at risk of dropping out. Parents
need to know instantly the status of their children to know if they are really going
to school or not. We are now in the technologically-advanced world. Thus, we
need to capitalize on this for a faster and more effective communication.
EXPLICIT THESIS STATEMENT
MAIN IDEA
•Read this short paragraph:
Implied Main idea
The Native Americans used the trees to build their houses. They hunted and
trapped animals in the forest for food. They found roots and berries that they
could eat. Some plants found in the forest were used for medicine.
MAIN IDEA: Native Americans used resources in the forest to survive.
The implied main idea is not stated in the paragraph. One needs to look at the
other sentences, and get their overall thought.
IMPLICIT STATEMENT
KEY ELEMENTS
FOR A STRONG
THESIS
STATEMENT
KEY ELEMENTS FOR A STRONG THESIS
STATEMENT
1. It is not a fact.
A fact is irrefutable. Writing a fact as a thesis makes no argument.
Weak: Radio Frequency ID (RFID) card has a texting mechanism.
Strong: Radio Frequency ID (RFID) card is better than the usual printed
ID in detecting students’ attendance.
2. It is not a question.
A question simply does not express one’s claim or comment about a
topic.
Weak: What are the advantages of keeping a pet at home?
Strong: Owning a pet makes your life happier.
KEY ELEMENTS FOR A STRONG THESIS
STATEMENT
3. It is not an announcement.
Avoid saying what you will discuss in the text.
Weak: This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of owning a pet.
Strong: Owning a pet brings good than burden because they can lower stress
levels, make one feels safe and teach their owners responsibility.
4. It is not too broad.
Avoid making vague and confusing thesis statements by making specific and
focused thesis.
Weak: Female learners are better than boys.
Strong: Female learners are better than boys in academic activities.
KEY ELEMENTS FOR A STRONG THESIS
STATEMENT
5. It is a complete sentence.
A phrase does not convey complete ideas or thoughts.
Stating the thesis in complete sentence makes it easier
for the reader to understand the main idea of the text.
6. It requires support.
To make your thesis statement persuasive, facts,
surveys, reports etc. should be used as proofs or
evidences to support your claim or opinion on the topic.
KEY ELEMENTS FOR A STRONG THESIS
STATEMENT
7. It takes a stand.
The thesis should clearly show your claim about a
subject/topic.
8. It is arguable.
The thesis should be contestable, debatable or
argumentative. Again, the thesis statement should
never be a factual statement.
TRY THIS!
Directions: Choose the most appropriate thesis statement on the following
topics and provide evidences to your answer based on the key elements for a
strong thesis statement.
On Wearing of School Uniforms
A. Wearing school uniforms promotes not just self-respect but also
respect to learning and educational institutions.
B. Wearing of school uniforms has advantages and disadvantages.
C. In this paper, I will explore the benefits of school uniform policy.
Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is a short
statement which provide an insight
into what the essay is going to be
about.
Let's practice!
TRY THIS!
Directions: Choose the most appropriate thesis statement on the following
topics and provide evidences to your answer based on the key elements for a
strong thesis statement.
On Wearing of School Uniforms
A. Wearing school uniforms promotes not just self-respect but also
respect to learning and educational institutions.
B. Wearing of school uniforms has advantages and disadvantages.
C. In this paper, I will explore the benefits of school uniform policy.
(1)During the period when Mao Tse Tung was a chairman
of the Communist party that ruled the country, China had to
endure food and water shortages because of its very large
population. (2) At that time, on the average, four children
were being born in each family. (3) Prompted by this urgent
problem, the Communist party was forced to control family
size in order to stabilize food and water supply and to
improve opportunity for family prosperity. (4) Thus, in
September 1980, the Communist party declared that each
couple should have only one child. (5) The target of the One-
Child Policy: by the end of the 20th century, a population
below 1.2 billion.
TRY THIS!
1. What is the topic of the paragraph?
2. Make a comment about this topic.
3. Give evidences for your comments.
The main idea: combined 3 and 4 sentences
‘The One-Child Policy was adopted in China in 1980 in order
to control population and consequently stabilize food and
water supply and generally improve the quality of life.”
Textual Evidence:
urgent problems identified: food and water shortage
Informational Pattern: Problem-Solution
(1)Questions and questioning are a fixture in any classroom for
they invariably trigger learning, underscoring the truism in the
observation made by Wind Eagle, an American Indian chief, that
“questions take further answers” (in Saxon, 2009). (2) Having the
advantage of knowledge and experience, most teachers and authors
have wisely guided readers and students through the jungle of word
in texts, to equip them with basic skills and relevant information. (3)
the downside of this practice is that teachers and textbooks set, and
consequently restrict, the parameters for learning by relegating
students to the reactive role of answering questions. (4) Since
“constructing questions involves decisions on what information is
question-worthy”, (Frase G. 2015) to maximize learning, self-
questioning ought to be encouraged among student.
The main idea:
‘To maximize learning, questions should not only come from
teachers and textbooks but also from students/readers.”
Textual Evidence:
“Questions/ questioning … trigger learning”
“most teachers and textbooks guide learners”
“downside: restrict the parameters for learning”
“Self-questioning should be encouraged among students.”
(1) In the “hybrid” world today, we eat “brunch” (breakfast and lunch
combined) while texting (writing that’s like talking), or blogging (web+ log),
or reading infographics. (2) Infographics combines words and visuals
(graphics) to convey information. (3) No matter how complex (or boring)
the data is, infographics can make the content understandable and
interesting through artistic visuals and layout to complement language
which may tends to be abstract. (4) Thus, infographics can be effectively
used for information dissemination and even persuasion. (5) Because it
makes use of a lot of visuals, infographics is preferred mode of receiving
information of Millennials who are strongly visual learners. (6) In view of
this, language classrooms today should begin to consider the preparations
of infographics in line of straightforward “essays” as writing requirements.
(7) This innovation will be welcomed by learners today who are adept at
searching for information and graphics on the internet.
The main idea:
“The preparation of infographics should replace straight
essay writing in the 21st century language classroom .”
Textual Evidence:
“infographics combines language and visuals”
“millennials are strongly visuals”
“millennials … are adept at searching for info and graphics on
the internet”
“infographics…is the preferred mode of receiving information
today.”
(1) Stress is the general malaise of people today. (2) This is true to the poor,
rich, middle class, students, employee, administrator, entrepreneur –
everybody. (3) It is primarily caused by a lifestyle and values that make people
believe that it is extremely important to be available (active and operational)
24/7. (4) That is why the young feel that they have to be connected to the
social media all the time, or else they be left out; that is why adults sleep with
their mobile phones close by because they might miss an opportunity; that is
why entrepreneurs say “YES” to all projects, afraid to lose the extra buck. (5)
The result of this frenzied lifestyle is the gradual killing of wellspring of
creativity and productivity sue to unhealthy diet of instant food, lack of sleep/
rest, and near impossibility of critical reflection and meditation. (6) Greg
McKeon, author of Essentialism, has a logical solution to this problem: “the
disciplined pursuit of less” as it says on the book’s cover. (7) Sadly, this is easier
said than done because it runs counter to what many believe to be the engine
of growth: the drive to have more, know more, experience more, and acquire
more.
The main idea:
“Stress as “general malaise of people today” “is primarily
due to a frenzied lifestyle that can be addressed through “the
disciplined pursuit of less”.
(work smarter not harder / doing less but better / getting only the right things done)
Textual Evidence:
“inactive and operational 24/7”
Youngster connected to social media all the time
THANK
YOU!
God bless!
L.A.S.
1 whole sheet of Paper
(if printed, short bond paper)
Write or copy an article (with citation) and
provide the thesis main idea each paragraph
and thesis statement of each paragraph.
