VOLATILE OIL
REPORT
ANTOY, LOVELY MAE B.
TORRES, JOHN CARL S.
PHARMACOGNOSY
Crisales Joy Habibun, RPh.
DEFINITION 2
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
USES
OVERVIEW CLASSIFICATION
FUNCTIONS
PREPARATIONS/PROCESS
PHARMACOGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE
OF INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
CHEMICAL TEST FOR
VOLATILE OIL
INTRODUCTION 3
DEFINITION
• The odorous, volatile principle of plant found in various plant parts that
are characterized by their volatility are known as “Volatile oils”.
• As they evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature, they are
also called as “ethereal oils”.
• They represent essence or active constituents of plant, hence they are
also known as “essential oils”.
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TERPENES
Terpenes or Terpenoids are the largest group of secondary products (metabolites).
They are aromatic complex mixture of different group of organic compounds.
May occur as oxygenated derivatives, e.g. alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, phenols, oxides & esters.
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TERPENOID
Terpenoids are derived from terpenes and their oxygenated compounds
They are made up of isoprene units (C5H8) and are usually mono,
sesqui- and diterpenes.
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MONOTERPENES
• 10-CARBON TERPENES (CONTAIN 2 5-C
UNITS)
CLASSIFICATION OF
SESQUITERPENES TERPENES BASED ON THE
• 15-CARBON TERPENES (CONTAIN 3 5-C NUMBER OF 5-C ATOMS THEY
UNITS) CONTAIN
DITERPENES
• 20-CARBON TERPENES (CONTAIN 4 5-C
UNITS)
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TRITERPENES(TRITERPENOIDS)
• LARGER TERPENES (30 CARBON)
CLASSIFICATION OF
TETRATERPENES TERPENES BASED ON THE
• 40 CARBON NUMBER OF 5-C ATOMS THEY
CONTAIN
POLYTERPENOIDS
• MADE UP OF LONG CHAINS THAT CONTAIN
MULTIPLE ISOPRENE MOLECULES
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THEY DIFFER ENTIRELY IN BOTH CHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FROM FIXED
OILS.
1. Volatile oils can be distilled from their natural sources.
2. Volatile oils do not consist of glyceryl esters of fatty acids.
Hence, they do not leave a permanent grease spot
on paper and cannot be
saponified with alkalies.
3. Volatile oils do not become rancid as do the fixed oils, but instead, on
exposure to light and air, they oxidize and resinify.
CLASSIFICATION 10
TYPE EXAMPLE
Peppermint,
Alcohol Volatile Oils
Sandalwood, Cardamom, Coriander
Aldehyde Volatile Oils Cinnamon, Lemon, Orange Peel, Almond Oil
Ester Volatile Oils Rosemary, Lavender
Hydrocarbon Volatile Oils Turpentine Oil, Cubeb
Ketone Volatile Oils Caraway, Camphor, Spearmint, Musk, Buchu
CLASSIFICATION
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TYPE EXAMPLE
Oxide Volatile Oils Chenopodium oil, Eucalyptus oil
Phenolic ether Volatile Oils Anise, Fennel, Myristica
Phenolic Volatile Oils Clove, Thyme
Miscellaneous Allium, Anethum
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VOLATILE OILS ACCUMULATE
IN ALL TYPES OF VEGETABLE
ORGANS, SUCH AS: • Flowers (Chamomile, Rose, Jasmine)
• Leaves (Citronella, Eucalyptus)
• Barks (Cinnamon)
• Woods (Rosewood, Sandalwood)
• Roots (Vetiver)
• Rhizomes (Ginger)
• Fruits (Anise, Star anise, Fennel)
• Seeds (Nutmeg, Cardamom)
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THEY ARE SECRETED IN:
Some examples:
They are frequently associated with
Oil cells e.g. Cinnamon
other substances such as gums (oleo
Oil glands e.g. Clove gum) and resins (oleoresin) or both
Secretion ducts (vittae) e.g. Anise (oleo gum resin)
Glandular hairs e. g. Chamomile
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PROPERTIES: They possess characteristic odours.
Most of them are optically active.
They are present in entire plant or in
any part of the plant
As a rule, volatile oils are Their density is generally lower than
immiscible with water, but they are
sufficiently soluble to impart their that of water (the essential oils of clove
odor to water. The aromatic waters and cinnamon are the exceptions).
are dependent on this slight
solubility
VOLATILE OIL USES 15
USES:
Therapeutically (Oil of Eucalyptus)
Flavouring (Oil of Lemon)
Perfumery (Oil of Rose)
Starting materials to synthesize other compounds (Oil of Turpentine)
Anti-septic – due to high phenols (Oil of Thyme, Clove). Also as a preservative
(oils interfere with bacterial respiration)
Anti-spasmodic (Ginger, Lemon balm, Rosemary, Peppermint, Chamomile,
Fennel, Caraway)
Aromatherapy
FUNCTIONS 16
FUNCTIONS OF VOLATILE OILS IN
PLANTS
allelopathic, particularly as Attraction of different pollinating
germination inhibitors insects
protection against insect, fungi,
bacteria. And sometimes animals.
THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES 17
THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES:
THEY ARE ADMINISTERED
as inhalations (e.g. eucalyptus oil),
orally (e.g. peppermint oil),
as gargles and mouthwashes (e.g. thymol)
and transdermally (many essential oils including those of lavender,
rosemary are employed in the practice of aromatherapy).
There are about 100 commercially valuable volatile oils directly derived from
plants.
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PREPARATION Technical Problems That Have
Been
OF • Created offline working mode to prevent
1. DISTILLATION
Solved
delays
2. EXPRESSION
VOLATILE • Outstanding
OILS •
Dubious Technological
Dependencies For Project
Software will continue to crash
Technical Issues
That Need
• Software Torunning
tools for Be
• 4. when
Work offline and save updates ENZYMATIC
servers
3. EXTRACTION product testing
are back online HYROLYSIS
Solved
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PHARMACOGNOSTIC
IMPORTANCE OF
INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
Here you go…
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PHARMACOGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE OF
INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
LEMON GINGER
• fights exhaustion, helps with depression, clear your • used for joint pain, colds, migraines and arthritis
skin, kills harmful viruses and bacteria, and • anti-oxidant & anti-inflammatory
reduces inflammation
• Air fresheners, flavoring, soaps & perfumes
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PHARMACOGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE OF
INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
PEPPERMINT GARLIC
• Headache, muscle aches, itching, joint pain, for air • Anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, perfumes,
fresheners and flavoring soaps, and other prodcuts
CHEMICAL TESTS 22
TEST FOR
VOLATILE OILS
TEST #1 23
OBSERVATION
SUDAN III TEST
• Red Orange color obtained by
globules
INFERENCE
• Presence of volatile oil
THIN SECTION OF DRUG + SUDAN III
SOLUTIONS
TEST #2 24
OBSERVATION
SALKOWSKI TEST
• A reddish brown coloration of the inter face is
formed
INFERENCE
• Presence of Terpenoids
EXTRACT + CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID
TEST #4 25
TINCTURE ALKANA
OBSERVATION
• Red color is obtained
INFERENCE
• Presence of volatile oil
THIN SECTION OF DRUG + TINCTURE ALKANA
(FEW DROPS)
