Niacin (Vitamin B3) Overview and Functions
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DR JIJIN J UNiacin (Vitamin B3) Overview and Functions
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DR JIJIN J UNIACIN
(NICOTINIC ACID)
Chemistry of Vit B3
• Chemically is Pyridine -3-carboxylic acid.
COOH CO-NH2
3
1
N N
• Forms white needle shaped crystals.
• Thermostable, Photostable.
• Soluble in water, glycerol and alcohol.
• In tissues occurs as amides (nicotinamide).
• In this form it enters into physiologically active
combination.
Biologically active form
• NAD+ : coenzyme I, cozymase or
codehydrogenase.
• The compound contains:
• 1 molecule of nicotinamide
• 2 molecules of D-Ribose
• 2 molecules of phosphoric acid
• 1 molecule of adenine
• NADP+ : coenzyme II
• It contains an additional phosphoric acid.
NH2 N
N
COOH
N N
O O N
o
O CH2-O-P-O-P-O-H2C
OH OH
OH OH
OH OH
NH2 N
N
CO-NH2
N N
O O N
o
O CH2-O-P-O-P-O-H2C
OH OH
OH OH
OH OH
Nicotinamide mononucleotide
Adenine mononucleotide
Sources
• Meat, poultry, fish
• Whole-grain and
enriched breads
and cereals, Dried
yeast, legumes
• Nuts
All protein-
containing foods
RDA:Adult-15-20mg
Infants – 6mg
Biosynthesis
• Amino Acid tryptophan is a precursor of nicotinic acid.
• Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) acts as a coenzyme in this reaction.
• Tryptophan dietary nicotinic acid
PRPP
PPi
• N-R-P Des amido-NAD+
Glutamine
ATP
ATP PPi
Glutamic acid
• NADP+ NAD+
Biochemical functions
• The coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ are involved in oxidation
reduction reactions.
• Enzymes belonging to class oxido-reductases are dependent on
them.
NAD+ dependent enzymes
• Lactate dehydrogenase
• Glyceraldehyde-3-P- dehydrogenase
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase
• -keto glutarate dehydrogenase
• Glutamate dehydrogenase
• Malate Dehydrogenase
COOH
pyruvate
C=O
CH3
LDH
NADH+H +
NAD
COOH Lactate
H – C - OH
CH3
H-C=O
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
H-C-OH
CH2O.P
GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-
NAD+ PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE
NADH+H+
O= C-O ~ P
1, 3
H - C - OH bisphosphoglycerate
CH2.O.P
COOH COOH
CH2 CH2
HC OH NAD+ NADH+H+ CO
COOH COOH
OXALO - ACETATE
MALATE
ENZYME: MALATE DEHYDROGENASE
O = C- COOH CH2-COOH
Co.A-SH CO2
CH2 CH2
NAD+ NADH+H+ [Link]
CH2-COOH.
ALPHA KETO - GLUTARATE SUCCINYL CoA.
ENZYME : ALPHA KETO – GLUTARATE
DEHYDROGENASE
NADPH+ generating reactions
• Glucose –6-phosphate dehydrogenase
• 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
• Malic enzyme
• Cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase
O
HO C H C
C NADP+ NADP+H+ H C OH
H OH
H O
H
H HO C
HO C
O
H C OH
H C OH G6PD
H C
H C
CH2-O-P
CH2-O-P
6
Glucose 6 P phosphogluconolactone
COOH COOH
C NADP+ NADP+H+ H C OH
H OH
H
H C O
HO C
H C OH
H C OH
6 Phosphogluconate DH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2-O-P
CH2-O-P
6 phosphogluconate 3 keto6 phosphogluconate
Malic enzyme
• Malate Pyruvate
NADPH utilizing reactions
• Folate DHFA THFA
• Meth Hb Hb
• Phenyl alanine Tyrosine
• HMG COA Mevalonate
Conversion of Phe. To Tyr.
NH2
NADP+ NADPH + H+
CH2 – CH-COOH
Tetrahydrobiopterin Dihydrobiopterin
O2
NAD+
[Link]
H2O Dihydrobiopterin NADH+H+
HO NH2
CH2 – CH-COOH
Pellagra
• Dermatitis
• Diarrhea 3 D’s
• Dementia
• The disease involves skin , gastrointestinal tract and central nervous
system.
Niacin Deficiency
• Dermititis- reddened, brown, thickened & scaly
• Dementia -anxiety, irritability, poor memory, insomnia
• Diarrhea
• Death
Dermatitis of Pellegra
Precipitating factors
• High corn diet [maize, Jowar ]
• Drug- INH
• Diseases – Hartnup disease
- Carcinoid syndrome
-Vitamin B6 deficiency
-Infections
Therapeutic uses
• In high doses – Reduce Lipoprotein a
Management
• Nicotinamide – 100mg every 6 hours
• Nutritious diet, high in protein
• Vitamin B complex, Fe, Folic acid
• Alcohol avoided
• Infection treatment
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