Introduction to size reduction

• Energy utilization in the world 1 – 10% is for comminution

• Crushing, grinding, milling, micronizing
• Changing the size of particles by crushing creates new
industrial products (Ex: Sugar – Granular, Castor, Icing)
• Crushing and grinding is followed by classification
• Classification – sorting particles into different size fractions
• Classification equipment's – sieves & screens
• Modern mills – Milling and Classification
• Milling – Grain boundary between the desired mineral and
gaunge (Ex: Ore extraction process)
Classification of equipments for size reduction
• Primary Crushing – size reduction from large size to about
15cms (ex: Jaw crushers, Cone crushers)
• Followed by secondary crushing, grinding pulverizing and
fine grinding
• Secondary crushers (rotating surfaces) - swing hammer
mills, roll crushers
• Fine grinding – rod mills and ball mills
• Very fine grinding – size less than 10μm – attrition mills are
used – less throughput than primary crushers
• Size reduction – applied to all methods in which particles of
solids are cut or broken into small pieces.
• Requirement of customers for products in a specific range
• Size reduction is essential and is carried out for
i. To increase surface area; as for most of reactions involving
solid particles rate is directly proportional to area of
contact of second phase.
ii. Reducing particle size increases reactivity of solids
iii. It permits separation of unwanted ingredients by
mechanical methods
There are four commonly used methods for size reduction.
iv. Impact – Particle concussion by single rigid force
v. Compression – Disintegration of particle by two rigid force
vi. Attrition – Size reduction from particles scraping against
one another or against a rigid surface
vii. Cutting by Shear – Size reduction by a rigid force from a
surface.
• Comminution means size reduction or crushing and grinding
of solids by application of mechanical forces
• Crushing involves the production of coarse solids from large
pieces
• Grinding refers to production of fines from relatively small
sized feed. Some applications are mentioned below.
a) Crushing of limestone and clay from 10 mesh size to about 200
mesh before sending to rotary kiln
b) Crushing and grinding of phosphate rock – 100 mesh size before
sending it t digester
c) Crushing and grinding of bauxite ore before mixing it with NaOH.
d) Grinding of pigments in paints
• Large size rocks are crushed to a size of 15 cm (stage wise
operation also)
• Secondary crushing is used to obtain solids of 1.3 cm
• Size reduction below this range is called as grinding
Your Role
• Selection the proper equipment – choice is based on
primary hardness and based on size of feed and products
• Sizing of equipment in terms of power requirement.
• Estimation of fixed and running costs essential for
economics analysis and optimization.
Factors influencing choice of size reduction equipment
Feed Size Product Size
Coarse Crushers 1500 – 40 mm 50 – 5 mm
Intermediate Crushers 50 – 5 mm 5 – 0.1 mm
Fine Crushers, Grinders 5 – 2 mm < 0.1 mm
Fine Milling < 0.2mm <0.01 μm

• Hardness, Structure, moisture content, Stickiness,

Soapiness, requirement of inert atmosphere for explosives,
Principles of Communition
• Comminution – generic term for size reduction, crushing and
grinding are types of comminuting equipments
• An ideal crusher should have
1. Have a large capacity
2. Require a small power input per unit of product
3. Yield a product of single size or size distribution desired
• Comminution – main aim is production of small particles
from large ones
• Efficiency of this operation matters – as it is directly
dependent on new surface that is created.
• Any comminution equipment will not give uniform product
• Product distribution ranging from maximum size to small
particles.
Energy and Power requirements in Size reduction
• In crushing and grinding – interesting feature is efficiency of
the process.
• Useful work done in crushing and grinding can be estimated
by multiplying specific surface energy of solids and new
surface generated.
• Actual energy requirements are high – 100 to 1000 times
larger.
• Elastic deformation of solid particles before fracture occurs – This
energy is dissipated as heat and sound when particle breaks
• Elastic deformation of equipment
• Friction between solid particles and also between particle and the
equipment
• Intense noise and vibration – increase in temperature of solids –
cooling
Crushing efficiency
• Ratio of surface energy created by crushing to energy
absorbed by the solid. Denoted by ηC

• Crushing efficiencies are very low of the order of 0.06 to 1%.

• Surface energy created by fracture is small in comparison with
total mechanical energy stored in the material and at the time of
rapture this mechanical energy is converted into heat.
• Three laws are framed to correlate power requirement for
crushing and grinding with feed and product sizes.
• All laws correlate the energy required to break the solids
• Grinding is a very inefficient process
• Important to use energy as efficiently as possible.
Unfortunately, it is not easy to calculate the minimum
energy required for a given reduction process
• These theories depend upon the basic assumption that the
energy required to produce a change dL in a particle of a
typical size dimension L is a simple power function of L:
dE = differential energy required dL = typical change in dimension
L = magnitude of length dimension K & n are constants

• Rittinger, assumed that the energy required for size reduction is

directly proportional to the change in surface area.
• This leads to a value of -2 for n in eqn as area is proportional to
length squared
𝑑𝐸 −2
=𝐾 𝑅 𝐿
𝑑𝐿
Laws of Size reduction
Rittingers law
• The work required in crushing is proportional to new surface
created
• Curshing efficiency is constant for a given machine and
material ,

Kick’s law
• Kick assumed that the energy required to reduce a material
in size was directly proportional to the size reduction ratio
dL/L (n = -1)
• The work required in crushing a given mass of material is
constant for the same reduction ratio, ie the ratio of initial
particle size to final particle size
Bond’s law
• The work required to form particles of size DP from very
large feed is proportional to square root of surface to
volume ratio of product ( n = 3/2)

Work Index
• Work index is defined as gross energy required in kWh per
ton of feed to reduce a very large feed to a size that 80% of
product passes through 100 μm screen

𝑃
˙
𝑚
=0.3161 𝑤𝑖
( 1
−
1
√D P 𝑏 √D P 𝑎 )
Size reduction equipments
• Size reduction equipments are divided into crushers,
grinders, ultra fine grinders and cutting machines.
• Crushers do heavy work of breaking large pieces of solid
material into small lumps (150 – 250 mm)
• A secondary crusher reduces these lumps to particles of 6
mm in size
• Grinders reduce the crushed feed to powder, whereas
products from ultra fine grinders pass through 200 mesh.
• Ultra fine grinders accepts feed particles not larger than
6mm and product size is 1 – 50 μm
• Cutters give particles of definite size and shape, 2 to 10 mm
in length
Crushers
• Crushers are slow speed machines for coarse reduction of
large quantities of solids
• Jaw crusher, Gyratory crusher and smooth roll crusher
• They operate by compression – used for primary and
secondary size reduction of rocks and ores
Jaw Crushers
• Feed is admitted between two jaws, which is set to form a V
open at the top
• Fixed jaw or anvil jaw is nearly vertical and is stationary
• Swinging jaw reciprocates in a horizontal plane making an
angle of 20 – 30 degrees with fixed jaw.
• It is driven by an eccentric, so a large compressive force is
applied to the material caught between the jaws.
Jaw Crushers
• Large lumps caught in upper part of jaw are broken, drop
into narrow space below
• They are recrushed second time when jaws close next time.
• After sufficient size reduction they drop out of bottom of
machine
• Jaws open and close 250 to 400 times per minute.
• The most common type of jaw crusher is blake crusher
• An eccentric drives a pit man connected to two toggles, one
of them is pinned to the frame and other to swinging jaw
• Pivot point is at top of moving jaw, with greatest amount of
motion is at bottom
• Little tendency of crusher to choke – Capacity of blake
crushers can be of 1.8m rocks @ 1000 tons/h to a product
size of 150mm
Dodge Jaw Crushers
• Dodge crusher moving jaw is pivoted at bottom
• Minimum movement is at bottom – more uniform product is obtained
• This crusher is not commonly used because of its tendency to choke.
• Larger opening at top enables to use feed very large size
• It is small in size as compared to Blake – Jaw crusher
• Fluctuating stress generated in machine parts is very large
Gyratory Crushers
• Contain a spindle revolving around the
axis of frame in a conical surface, at
same time it rotates about its own axis
– Gyration
• Gyratory Crusher – Jaw crusher with
circular jaws between which material
is crushed at same point all times.
• Conical head gyrates inside a funnel
shaped casing open at top.
• Crushing head is supported by heavy
shaft at top
• Eccentric drives bottom end of shaft.
• At any point, bottom of crushing head
moves towards and then away from
stationary wall.
• Solids caught on V shaped space
between head and casing are broken
multiple times till they pass out of
bottom.
• Capacity of biggest gyratory crusher – 3500 tons/h
• Capacity varies with jaw setting, impact strength of feed and
speed of gyration of machine.
Merits of Jaw and Gyratory Crusher
• High duty equipments
• Specific features taken into account can really has an effect
on selection
Features of Jaw Crusher
• Shape of feed end favours large block shaped feed
• Handling of dirty and sticky feed
• Maintenance easy for Jaw crusher
• Crushing of extra tough materials at less cost
 Features of Gyratory Crusher
• High capacity
• Feeding method is simple
• Annular crushing chambers designed for high capacity
• Bottom shell with eccentric bearing hub support weight of
crusher and withstand crushing stress
• Eccentricity adjustable to capacity demands.

Crushing Rolls
• Two rolls one in adjustable bearings
• Rotate in opposite directions
• Clearance adjustment
• Depending on feed and product size
• Size of crushing rolls up to 1.2m
• Suitable for small size reduction ratio 4:1 in a single operation
• Number of pair of rolls in series
• Size of feed and rollers needed for a crushing operation can be
established from the figure

Angle of nip – Angle between two common

tangents to the particle and each of the rolls

C It is the angle formed by the tangents to roll

faces at the point of contact with a particle
to be crushed
A
B From the geometry of the figure

∝=𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑖𝑝
Hammer Mills
• Impact mill – high speed rotating disc – transfers its kinetic
energy to the particles when it hits them
• Number of hammer bars are attached to this disc which swings
by centrifugal force
• Material fed into hammer mill is thrown out centrifugally
• Material is subsequently crushed, by getting up beaten by
hammer bars or by impact with breaker plates
• Breaker plates are fixed around
periphery of cylindrical casing
• Material is crushed till it is small
enough to fall through a screen at
lower portion of screen
• Hammers are hinged – hard material
will not damage the equipment
• Brittle and fibrous materials can be crushed
• Size of product is regulated by adjusting size of screen and
speed of revolution
• Striking hammers are fixed in position
• Dust must be separated in a cyclone separator or in a bag
filter.
Ball Mills
• Size reduction is done by impact as balls or pebbles drop from
top of shell.
• In a large ball mill size of shell is 3m in diameter and 4.25m
long. Balls will be 25mm to 125 mm in diameter
• Balls occupy volume of 30 – 50 % in ball mill.
• Shell will be partially filled with balls which rotates about a
horizontal axis.
 • Feed enters through a 60° cone into
primary grinding zone – diameter of
shell gradually increases
• Product leaves through 60° cone to the
right
• Ball mill contain crushing balls of
different sizes.
• Optimum diameter is approximately
proportional to the square root of the
size of feed
• New balls are added periodically.
• With rotation of mill large balls move toward point of maximum
diameter, and small sized balls move toward discharge.
• Inner surface of the cylinder is usually lined with an abrasion-
resistant material manganese steel, stoneware or rubber
• For wet grinding power consumption is 30% lower than for dry
grinding.
Factors influencing the size of the product
• The rate of feed
• The properties of the feed material
• Weight of balls
• The diameter of the balls
• The slope of the mill
• The speed of rotation of the mill
• The level of material in the mill
Tumbling
Mills
• Revolving mill / Tumbling mill contain a cylindrical shell running on a
horizontal axis and charged with grinding medium about half of
volume.
• The shell is made of steel and lined with abrasion resistant materials
such as Manganese steel, ceramic or rubber.
• Ball mill, pebble mill, tube and rod mills are various types of revolving
mills.
• The ball mill differs from tube mill in the way that its length is
approximately equal to its diameter. The grinding medium used is
steel balls.
• Tube mill is usually long in comparison to its diameter. It employs
smaller balls and produce a finer product.
• Rod mill employs metal rods as grinding medium and delivers more
uniform product than other two mills.
• Ball mill & Tube mills – Impact, rod mills – rolling, compression and
attrition.
Derivation for Critical speed of Ball mill
• Speed at which the outermost balls lose contact with the wall of the
mill depends on the balance between gravitational and centrifugal
forces.
Considering the ball at point A on the
periphery of the mill, the radii of the mill and
the ball will be R and r,

Center of the ball is, thus, R – r from the axis

of the mill and the radius AO form the angle α
with the vertical

Two forces act on the ball: the force of gravity

mg, where m is the mass of the ball, and the
centrifugal force mu2/(R – r), where u is the
peripheral speed with respect to center of the
ball mill
The centripetal component of the force of gravity is mg(cos α),
which opposes the centrifugal force
As long as the centrifugal force exceeds the centripetal (gravity component), the particle will not
loss contact with the wall. As the angle α decreases, however, the centripetal force increases
If the speed does not exceed the critical value, a point is reached where the opposing forces are
The angle at which this occurs is given by equating centripetal and centrifugal component of
forces
2 2
𝑚𝑢 𝑢
𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼=
(𝑅− 𝑟 ) 𝑔( 𝑅− 𝑟 )

The speed u is related to the speed of rotation by the equation

𝑢=2 𝜋 𝑁 ( 𝑅 −𝑟 )

2 2 2
4 𝜋 𝑁 (𝑅− 𝑟 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼=
𝑔( 𝑅 − 𝑟 )

At the critical speed, α = 0, consequently cos α = 1, and N becomes the critical speed N C.

𝑁 𝐶=
1
√ 𝑔
2 𝜋 (𝑅 − 𝑟 )
Ultra fine grinders - Fluid Energy mills
• Jet Pulveriser – Solid is pulverized in jets of high pressure
superheated steam or compressed air (35 bar).
• Pulverising takes place in a central chamber with a number of
jets arranged tangentially at equal intervals around the
circumference
• Solid is thrown to the outside walls of the chamber, and the fine
particles are formed by the shearing action – Size reduction is as
a result of high velocity collisions between particle of process
material
• The jet pulveriser will give a product with a particle size of 1–10
μm
• Interior of chamber is designed to allow recirculation of over
sized particles – increasing incidence and effect of these
collisions
• As particle size is reduced its mass is lost, and move toward
• microniser, probably the best known of this type of pulveriser,
effects comminution by bombarding the particles of material
against each other
• Feed 500 μm in size, is fed into a shallow circular grinding
chamber, the periphery of which is fitted with a number of jets,
equally spaced
• Fluid used will be air – 8 bar, Superheated steam 8 – 16 bar with
temperature of 480 – 810 K
• Fluid gets issued through these jets, high-speed reduction in the
size of the contents of the grinding chamber, with turbulence
and bombardment of the particles against each other.
• Intense centrifugal classifying action within the grinding chamber
causes the coarser particles to concentrate towards the
periphery of the chamber
• Finer particles leave the chamber, with the fluid, through the
central opening
Open and Closed circuit Operation
• Feed is broken into particles of satisfactory sizes by passing it through
the mill
• Oversize particles is not returned to machine for further reduction,
mill is said to operating in open circuit.
• Economical operation – remove partially ground material from mill
and pass it through a size separation device.
• Undersize becomes product and oversize is returned back for grinding.
• Separating device can be inside the mill as in hammer mill, or more
common it can be outside the mill.
• Closed circuit operation – action of mill and separator, so that oversize
particles are returned to mill
• Coarser particles – screen or grizzles; Fine powders – classifier
• Closed circuit operation demand higher energy investment – grinding
particles that are fine enough
• Product from gyratory crusher is
screened into three fractions –
fines, intermediates and oversize
• Oversize is sent back to Gyratory
crusher- fines are sent to final
reduction unit
• Intermediates are crushed in rod
mill
• Crushed feed is then fed to Ball
mill
• Grinding in ball mill is in wet
mode.
• Water is pumped to carry broken
particles to centrifugal classifier.
• Classifier throws oversize to a
sludge, repulped with more water
and returned to mill.
• Undersize or product emerging from classifier is of desired size.
• Screens are simpler in operation compared to classifiers
• Classifier separate fines – particles in 150 – 200 mesh – wet
grinding is more preferable
• Conveyor belt and separators in closed circuit system demand
energy.
• Reduction in energy requirement is less than 25% as compared to
open circuit grinding.
Screening (Sieving)
• Separation of particles based on size (Single screen can separate into
two fractions)
• Industrial size separation method in which solids are dropped against
a screening surface.
• Small capacity screens are called as sieves.
• Undersize passes through openings; oversize or tails do not.
• Screening is carried out with dry materials
• Small capacity screens are called as sieves.
• Made from metal bars, perforated metal plates.
• Metals used involve steel, stainless steel, copper, monel.
• Screen surface can be plane (horizontal or inclined) or cylindrical
• Standard screen mesh sizes are in the range of 0.1 mm – 250 mm
• Screening two applications – laboratory for particle size analysis,
industrial operation for classification of solids
Screen Opening
• Screen opening is defined as space between wires of mesh screen
• Mesh number – number of wires per linear inch
• Size and shape of particles may influence separation efficiency.
• Size and shape effect of particle can clog screen when particle size
close to screen aperture
• Three defined possibilities of a particle facing a screen aperture
1. The particle being too large w. r. t aperture – particle retained
2. The particle is small w. r. t aperture – particle passes through screen
3. Particle having a critical dimension such that mesh is blocked, with particle
trapped clogging screen
• Material passing through a given screen is called undersize or fines
• Material retained in a given screen is called oversize or coarse
• Objective Screening – separate feed stream - undersize and oversize
• Ideal screen – smallest particle in overflow is larger then largest
particle in underflow – Cut diameter
• Cut diameter Dpc - largest particle of underflow has same size as that of
smallest particle in overflow – ideal case

• Actual case – overlap occurs – Under

flow has particles larger than desired cut
diameter
• Overlap is small – particles are spherical – larger when particle is
needle, fibrous or tend to form agglomerate
• Sample stickiness agglomeration – problems increases exponentially
with increase in screen aperture.
Screen Effectiveness
• Mass balance is used to evaluate efficiency of screen
F – mass flow rate of feed, O – mass flow rate of Coarse, U –
mass flow rate of fines
XF – coarse mass fraction in feed; XO – coarse mass fraction in
overflow; XU – coarse mass fraction in underflow;
1 - XF – fine mass fraction in feed; 1 - XO – fine mass fraction in
overflow; 1 - XU – fine mass fraction in underflow;
F=O+U Material balance where feed has to pass through either overflow or underflow

F X F = O XO + U X U
Elimination of U Elimination of O
𝑂 ( 𝑋 𝐹 − 𝑋 𝑈) 𝑈 ( 𝑋𝑂 − 𝑋 𝐹)
= =
𝐹 ( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝑈) 𝐹 ( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝑈)
 • Effectiveness is a measure – how well it separates coarse
and fine fractions
• Screen functions perfectly – all O will be in overflow and U
will be in underflow
• Screen efficiency – ratio of oversized material in overflow to
amount of flow material O entering in feed
( 𝑂𝑋 𝑂 ) 𝑈 (1− 𝑋 𝑈 )
𝐸 𝑂= 𝐸𝑈 =
( 𝐹 𝑋𝐹) 𝐹 (1 − 𝑋 𝐹 )

• Overall Effectiveness is obtained by product of above two

equations
( 𝑂𝑋 𝑂 ) 𝑈 (1− 𝑋 𝑈 )
𝐸= 2
( 𝐹 𝑋 𝐹 ) (1 − 𝑋 𝐹 )

( 𝑋 𝐹 − 𝑋 𝑈 ) ( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝐹 ) ( 𝑋 𝑂 ) (1− 𝑋 𝑈 ) ( 𝑋 𝐹 − 𝑋 𝑈 ) ( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝐹 ) ( 𝑋 𝑂) (1− 𝑋 𝑈 )
𝐸= 𝐸=
( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝑈 ) ( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝑈 ) ( 𝑋 𝐹 ) (1 − 𝑋 𝐹 ) ( 𝑋 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝑈 )2 ( 𝑋 𝐹 ) (1 − 𝑋 𝐹 )
expression to evaluate screen efficiency without
involving the streams and only using the fractions
Screening Equipments used
• Screening is a type of unit operation carried out in different
equipments
• Grizzles (bar screens), shaking, vibratory, oscillating screens and
revolving screens of trommels.
• They are used to screen larger particles ( greater than 25mm)
• Set of parallel bars, spaced at equal intervals to effect separation
• Bars are Wedge shaped to minimize clogging
• Bars are used horizontally or inclined at angle of 60 degrees
• Type of material for separating particles of small sizes – woven clothe
or fine screen is used.
• Larger sizes perforated plates or grids.
• Dynamic screening equipment can be classified according to the type
of motion used to shake up and transport material on the screen.
• Vibrating screens – large capacity and high efficiency are required
• Capacity of fine size particles is greater
• Normally preferred when efficiency of screen is governing factor
• Other advantages – Accuracy of sizing, increased capacity per unit
area, low maintenance cost and savings on installation space.
• Screens are mounted horizontally or inclined
• Operating frequencies are high – 1000- 7000 Hz
• Shaking screens - rectangular frame, holding wire cloth or perforated
plate, slightly inclined and suspended by loose rods or supported from
a base frame by flexible flat springs
• Frame is driven by reciprocating motion, material to be sieved is fed at
upstream end
• As feed advances fines pass through screen openings.
• Low headroom & power requirement – advantages
• High maintenance cost of screen and supporting structure, low
capacity compared to vibrating screens – disadvantages
• Reciprocating screens – operate with shaking motion with
frequencies between 20 and 200 Hz
• Size fractions are produced – coarser removed initially
followed by fines
• Decks of screens – held one above other in a box or casing
• Coarse screen located at top and finest is mounted at
bottom
• Feed is dropped on top screen and casing is gyrated
inorder to shift particles through openinings
• Vertically gyrated design casing is inclined at an angle oof
16 – 30 ° with horizontal axis
• Screens are rectangular shaped 0.46 x 1.2 m (thick x width
• Length 1.5 – 4.3 m
• Speed of gyration, amplitude of throw and angle of tilt
Oscillating Screens
• Oscillate at gentle speeds of 300 – 400 Oscillations/min.
• Motion of screen is orbital in nature – transmitted by high velocity
eccentric to the sieves
• Orbital motion of screen, creates vibration in horizontal plane –
material move across screen cloth – direction of discharge area.
• The material to be screened – smaller than aperture in screen
element falls through screen
• The sieves are made of wire mesh or perforated screen decks to
separate relatively dense, dry, undersized materials, from less dense
oversized materials
Reels or Trommels
• Revolving cylindrical screens mounted horizontally with one end
opened.
• Screening surface – wire mesh or perforated sheet
• feed material, which travels through openings increasing in size along
the drum, is discharged by a chute on the lower extreme of the
equipment
• Arrangement of trommels to effect separation
• Drum perforations uniform all over surface
• Drums are mounted in series
• Largest perforations kept initially – drums to
be kept on top of other
• Finest fraction to be sent to successive screens
• Largest perforations kept finally – coarser
fraction advances to next drum
• Convenient arrangement – mounting
trommels starting with fine aperture initially
followed by larger apertures
• Compact arrangement
1. A certain crusher accepts feed material having volume
surface mean diameter 19 mm and gives a product of
volume surface mean diameter 5mm. The power
needed to crush 15 tonnes/hr is 7.5 kW. What will be
the power consumption if capacity is reduced to 12
tonnes per hour.
2. Calculate the power required to crush 150 tonnes per hr
of limestone if 80% of feed passes through 50mm
screen and 80% of product through 3.125 mm screen.
3. Find the critical speed of ball mill using the following
data Diameter of ball mill = 450 mm, Diameter of ball =
25 mm.
1. A set of roll crushers has rolls of 100 cm diameter by 38
cm width face. They are set so that crushing surfaces are
1.25 cm apart at narrowest point. The manufacturer
recommends to run crusher at 50 or 100 rpm. Rocks are
crushed in crusher having a specific gravity of 2.35 with
angle of nip is 30°.Calculate theoretical capacity of crusher
2. What would be diameter of set of rolls to take feed ofsize
equivalent to 38mm spheres and crush to 12.7mm, if
coefficient of friction is 0.35?
3. In a ball mill of diameter 2000mm, 100mm diameter steel
balls are used for grinding. Presently for the material being
ground, mill runs at 15 rpm. At what speed the mill have
to run if 100mm balls are replaced by 50mm balls, all
other conditions remain the same.
1. Calculate energy required to crush 100 tonnes/hr of
limestone if 80% of feed passes through a screen of
3.75cm aperture and 80% of product passes through
screen of 0.03cm aperture. The work index for limestone
is 12.74, when the capacity is expressed in tonnes/hr.