VENTILATION

Prepared by:
Prof. Eswara Rao
29/05/2018
VENTILATION
Means supply fresh outside air in to an enclosed space is called as ventilation.
Or
Removal of all vitiated or polluted air from enclosed space and it can
replacement with fresh air.
Purpose of ventilation in an enclosed space is to maintaining the human
comfort healthy as well as building too.
Ventilation to a building may achieve by either nature or by mechanical
methods.
The necessity of ventilation in to enclosed space by following reasons:

Creation of air-movement;
Provide sufficient supply of air/oxygen for the physiological needs of human beings;
Prevention/removal of unwanted accumulation of carbon dioxide;
Prevention of accumulation of dust and bacteria-carrying particles ;
Removal of smoke, odour and foul small generated by the occupants;
Removal of body heat generated by the occupants;
Ventilation Functional Requirement:
For the human comfort point of view, ventilation should be meeting the following
functional requirements such as:

 Air change or air movement ;

 Humidity;
 Quality of air;
 Effective Temperature
Air Change or Air Movement:
The volume of outside air allowed into the enclosed space per hour compared to the
volume of room is termed as Air change or Air movement.
It is measured in squire meter per person in residential buildings and meter cube for
public buildings.

 The minimum rate of air change is one per hour [1/h], while the maximum rate of air changes
in sixty per hour [60/h];
 If the rate of air changes is less than 1/h there will be no ventilation; If the rate of ventilation
is more then 60/h it will be cause discomfort to the occupants due to high-air velocity.
 For better ventilation in a closed space cross- ventilation must be needed.
Ventilation:
 When the enclosed space volume decreases then the air per person increases.
 When the enclosed space volume increase then the air per person decreases.
 The below table can show the supply of fresh air per space volume;
Building Type Rate of fresh air in the building
Shops, restaurants, canteens, assembly halls 30m3 per person per hour
Factories & workshops:
a) Work rooms 25m3 per person per hour
b) Lavatories 2/h
Schools:
o Room 8m3 per person 20 m3 per person per hour
o Room 5m3 per person 30 m3 per person per hour
o Corridors, bath & W.C 2/h

Office:
o Room 5m3 per person 30 m3 per person per hour
o Room 11m3 per person 17 m3 per person per hour
o Bath & W.C 2/h

Hospital:
 Operation theatre 10/h
 Wards 3/h
Ventilation:

Humidity:
The presence of water vapour in air is called as humidity.
The relative humidity of saturated air is 100%.
If the temperature is high, humidity is low, if temperature is low humidity is high.
The relative humidity within the range of 33% -70% at 210 is considered as desirable.

Air Quality:
The air should be free from different impurities, odour, organic matter, unhealthy fumes of gases
etc is called as air quality.
The supply of air in to the enclosed space should not come from kitchen, latrines, urinals,
chimneys etc.
Air contains less then 0.5mg suspected impurities per m 3 and less than 0.5 p.p sulphur dioxide
consider.
Room Air should contains of 0.06% of CO2 may be considered, when its exceeds 0.09%- to
01% it becomes stuffy and unbearable.
Ventilation:
Effective Temperature:
It is the air temperature at which a person will experience sensation of cold or warm is known as
effective temperature.
For example, if two rooms have the same effective temperature a person leaving from first room
to other room, he will not feel any change of temperature.
Some of the important point to be consider in in air effective temperature:
 The supply of fresh air should be cool in summer and warm in winter before it enters in to
the room;
 The temperature difference between inside and outside is kept not more than 8 0 C;
 The value of effective temperature in winter is 200 C & in summer is 220 C respectively.
Ventilation Due to Wind-Effect:
It means, the supply rate of ventilation in to enclosed space not be comfortable due to more air-
changes.
Rate of ventilation due to wind-effect depends:
 Orientation of building;
 Out-side wind direction;
 Out-side wind velocity ;
 Open size a and
 Opening position.

Ventilation due to the wind-effect happen in to the buildings due to:

 When wind blows at 900 angle to one face of building then pressure difference will create
positive pressure on wind wards face and negative pressure [suction] on leeward side.
 When wind blows at 45Oangles to one face building, positive pressure will be produced on
wind ward, negative pressure [suction] on leeward side.
 To minimize or eliminate ventilation due to wind-effect, consider opening on opposite sides.
Ventilation Due to Wind-Effect:
Then the rate of air flow through an opening can be calculated by [Q] = K.A.V
Where
 Q = the rate of air flow in m3/h.
 K = coefficient of effeteness;
 A = area of opening in m2;
 V = wind speed in m/h.
Note:
K is depending upon direction of wind to the opening.
When wind blows 900 angle to opening then K= 0.6 minimum and 0.84 is maximum.
When wind blow 450angle to opening then K = 0.3 minimum and 0.42 is maximum

Calculation of Ventilation Due to Wind-effect:

Wind flow through to square openings of size 1.5m x 1.5m with a wind speed of 15km/h
blowing inclined at 900 to the opening. Find the rate of wind flow in to the enclosed space
when coefficient of effectiveness (K) = 0.6 and (K) = 0.84
Ventilation Due to Wind-Effect Calculation:
Solution: (if K = 0.6)
Area of square opening = 1.5m X 1.5m = 2.25m2
Coefficient of effectiveness [K] = 0.6
Wind speed [V] = 15km/h [this change in to meters] = 15000m/h
There for rate of air flow [Q] = K x A x V
= 0.6 x 2.25m2 x15000m/h
= 27,338m3/h

Solution: (if K = 0.84)

Area of square opening = 1.5m X 1.5m = 2.25m 2
Coefficient of effectiveness [K] = 0.84
Wind speed [V] = 15km/h [this change in to meters] = 15000m/h
There for rate of air flow [Q] = K x A x V
= 0.84 x 2.25m2 x15000m/h
= 28,350m3/h
Ventilation Due to Stack-Effect:
It is the rate of air flow rise by temperature difference between in-side and outside of room or
building called as ventilation due to stack effect.
It can be happened by raise of temperature and vapor pressure between in-side and out-side
of room i.e. when air temperature inside is higher than outside temperature:
 Warm is rises and passes through opening located in the upper part of room or building,
 Where as incoming cool air enter from the lower opening of the room or building.
Rate of air flow due to stack effect calculated by:
Q = 640 x C x A

Where:
Q = the rate of air flow in m3/h;
A= area of inlet opening m2
h = Vertical height difference between inlet and outlet;
ti = Inside air temperature average in 0C,

t0 = Outside air temperature average in 0C

C = Coefficient of effectiveness
C= 0.65 for general condition and
C= 0.5 unfavorable condition
Calculation of Ventilation Due to Stack-Effect:
A room wall has inlet openings is about 1.22m X 1.35m and out let opening is 0.60 X 0.3m. The
inlet is placed in the wall 45cm (sill level) above from the floor level. The average air
temperature inside is 33oC and out-side is 18oC respectively. Coefficient of effectiveness is in
unfavorable condition. Find the rate of air flow by stack effect?
Solution:
The clear height of room from floor to ceiling (H) = 2.85m;
Height of inlet opening = 1.35m
Height of outlet = 0.3m

Height difference between inlet and outlet (h) = H- (height of inlet + outlet+ sill level)
= 2.85m-(1.35m+0.3m+0.45m)
= 2.85 – 2.1m = 0.75m
Area of inlet (A) = 1.22m X 1.35m = 1.647 m2
Average inside air temperature (ti) = 330C;

Average outside air temperature (to) = 180C

Coefficient of effectiveness (C) = 0.5 (for unfavorable condition)
Calculation of Ventilation Due to Stack-Effect:

Rate of air flow in stack effect

Q = 640 x C x A
= 640 x 0.5 x 1.647
= 640 x 0.5 x 1.647
= 640 x 0.5 x 1.647 x 3.3541
= 1767.74m3/h
System of Ventilation:
The system of ventilation to a room or building is divided in to the following:
 Natural Ventilation;
 Artificial or Mechanical ventilation
Natural Ventilation:
Supply of air in to the room or building through openings such as doors, windows,
ventilation and ask lights etc.
Natural ventilation economical and it need not required any equipment.
Natural ventilation suitable for residential building and small house.
Natural ventilation not suitable for offices, conference halls, auditoriums, large
factories
Mechanical Ventilation:
Supply of air by means of mechanical equipment's like fans.
It can be provided where the natural ventilation in not satisfactory with respect to air
quality, air quantity cannot obtained.
It was costly but it can provide comfortable ventilation to the occupants.
Mechanical ventilation can be provided by the following system
 Extraction system; Plenum system; Combination of extraction system and plenum
system and Air conditioning system
Guide lines for Natural Ventilation:
The following guidelines are important for planning and designing natural
ventilation system in building:
 A natural ventilation system should be effective regardless of wind direction
 There must be adequate ventilation even when the does not blow from the
prevailing direction;
 Inlet and outlet opening should not be obstructed by nearby objects;
 Windows should be located in opposing pressure zones since this usually will
increase ventilation rate;
 A certain vertical distance should be kept between opening for temperature to
produce stack effect;
 Openings at the same level and near the ceiling should avoided since much of
the air flow may bypass the occupied zone;
 Topography, landscaping, and surrounding building should be used to redirect
air flow and give maximum exposure to breezes;
 In hot, humidity climates, air velocities should be maximized in the occupied
zone s for bodily cooling;
 Building
Air-Conditioning
Air-conditioning :
Air conducting is the process of supplying treating air inside the building by
control of temperature, humidity and purity to meet the requirements of the
conditioned space.
Purposes of air conditioning is;
 It helps to maintaining health, comfort and convenience of occupants.
 It helps to improving the quality of products in certain industrials processes
like cotton cloth and artificial.
 It helps to provide comfortable working conditions in industries;
 It provides more comfortable entertainment in theatres.
The supply of treated air in to the building:
 In summer should be cool and
 In winter should be warm.
Air-conditioning Process:

The building air-conditioning process includes the proper control of:

Air quality:
The supplied air in to the building should be free from dust partials, odour, toxic
gases, bacteria and other micro-organisms.
Temperature:
The supplied air temperature in to the building in summer should be 20 0C-230 C
and in winter 180C -220C.
Humidity:
The supplied air-humidity in to the building should between 40% to 50%.
Dehumidification:
Removal of moisture from treated air is called as dehumidification. It should be
between 50% to 60.
Humidification:
Adding of water to the filtered heated air is called as humidification and it is
necessary in summer.
Air velocity:
Velocity of treated air should be 6m to 9m per second is considered as desirable .
System of Air-conditioning:
Direct Expansion System:
In this system, refrigerant is used to cool the air directly.
Common example for this system is room air conditioning system. This system
includes:
 Compressor;
 Condenser (air cold);
 Evaporator or cooling coil with fan;
 Cooling tower,
 Condenser water pump;
 Air distribution ducts grills etc
System of Air-conditioning:

Packaged air conditioner:

It consists of compressor ,water cold condenser ,evaporator and fan, all parts are
mounded in a metal sheet box and the treated air supplied by ducts.
This type of air conditioning system can fixed on the floor and this is very
economical.
his type suitable for residences shops ,banks ,offices and some industrial
applications
System of Air-conditioning:
Central Air-conditioning Plant:
In this system, all the equipment required to air conditioning is installed in a
central plant room,
From this the conditioned air is distributed to all the rooms through ducts.
This system is more useful for factories hotels, assembly halls, cinema halls and
large residential buildings.
System of Air-conditioning:

Chilled Water System:

In this system, water is used to cool the air the refrigerant i.e. first cool the water
and then water cool the air.
The cooled water is suppled in the room with the help of ducts running
throughout the room.
The main components of this system same as the direct expansion system but a
chillers is the additional item the following are the components of this system.
Air-conditioning Classification:
Air conditioning is classified in to the following based on functional and
seasonal.

Functional Classification:
Functional classification of air-conditioning includes;
 Comfort air conditioning:
The main aim this air-condition is to maximum human comfort to the conditioned
space. Example, residential air conditioning comes under this category.
Industrial air conditioning:
The main aim is to create control and maintain such an environment inside the
conditioning space to suit best to the needs industrial process.
Air-conditioning Classification:
Seasonal Air-condition:
This air conditioning includes;
1. Summer Air-condition;
2. Winter Air-condition,
3. Composite Air-condition

Summer Air-conditioning:
In summer outside temperature is more, so cooling of air is required for inside the
closed space.
The supply of conditioned cold air inside the building is called as summer air
conditioning.
The operation of summer air conditioning system consists;
 Air cleaning air filtration;
 Air cooling,
 Dehumidification,
 Air distribution/supply,
 Collection of used/ polluted air from room.
Summer air-conditioning Process:
Air cleaning:
It is remove incoming air dust particles ,ash, chemicals, bacteria and other micro-organisms
form the incoming air before cooling with help of air-filters.

Air Cooling:
In summer air-conditioning, the supplying air needs cooling.
For cooling of air, mostly the principle of mechanical refrigeration is used that is the filtered
air pass though cold coils and these coils absorb.

Dehumidification:
Certain required amount of water is removes from the filtered cooled air, is called as
dehumidification.
Dehumidification was needs in summer air conditioning system when the incoming air is
cold.

Air distribution:
It is the supply or distributed in to the enclosed space by air pumps, air delivery system by
ducts.
Collection of used/polluted air:
It is the polluted/used air form the enclosed space by return ducts and the collected used air
is goes to again for filtering process chamber.
air-conditioning:

Winter air conditioning:

In winter, the inside temperature is low, so heated air distribution is required for
comfortable living.
The distribution of heated air inside the enclosed space by mechanical in called
as winter air conditioning system.
Winter air-conditioning system includes the following operation system;

 Air cleaning or air filtration,

 Air heating;
 Humidification (Adding water);
 Distribution;
 Collection of used polluted air