BS AGRICULTURE
GROUP 2
CRP002 - BC/LM
Biological Control
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02 BS AGRICULTURE
MEMBERS
Papandayan, Anna Sheerine T.
Maruhom, Sanimah A.
Macabada, Johairah M.
Rasid, Abdul Rahman S.
Pasagi, Abdul Barie C.
TABLE OF CONTENT
01 What is Biological Control?
02 History of Biological Control
03 Types of Biological Pest Control
04 Advantage of using Biological Control Method
05 Disadvantage of using Biological Control Method
04 BS AGRICULTURE
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OBJECTIVES
1. To provide a comprehensive and concise explanation of the
concept of biological control in agriculture and its significance
in pest management.
2. To explore the historical development and key milestones
in the field of biological control, gaining a deeper
understanding of its evolution and significance in agriculture
and pest management.
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05 BS AGRICULTURE
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OBJECTIVES
3. To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of biological
control methods in pest management, offering insights into their
potential benefits and limitations for sustainable agriculture.
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06 BS AGRICULTURE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Biological control is a component of an
integrated pest management strategy. It is
defined as the reduction of pest populations by
natural enemies and typically involves an active
human role. Keep in mind that all insect species
are also suppressed by naturally occurring
organisms and environmental factors, with no
human input. This is frequently referred to as
natural control.
Ladybird Beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) vs.
Cottony Cushion Scale (Icerya purchasi)
HISTORY
The recorded history of biological
control may be considered as dating from
Egyptian records of 4,000 years ago, where
domestic cats were depicted as useful in
rodent control.
Predaceous ants,
Oecophylla smaragdina, in trees where
the ants fed on foliage-feeding insects.
HISTORY
Insect Parasitoidism was not recognized until the turn of the 17th Century. The first
record is attributed to the Italian, Aldrovandi (1602). He observed the cocoons of
Apanteles glomeratus being attached to larvae of Pieris rapae (the imported
cabbageworm).
HISTORY
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1700
(van Leeuwenhoek 1702) described
the phenomenon of parasitoidism in
insects. He drew a female parasitoid
ovipositing in aphid hosts.
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Vallisnieri (1706) first correctly interpreted this host-parasitoid
association and probably became the first to report the existence of parasitoids.
Bodenheimer (1931), however, noted that several earlier entomologists
recognized the essence of parasitoidism.
Cestoni (1706) reported other parasitoids from the eggs of cruciferous
insects. He called aphids, "cabbage sheep," and their parasitoids, "wolf
mosquitoes."
Erasmus Darwin (1800) discussed the useful role of parasitoids and
predators in regulating insect pests.
Friedrich Simon Giacinto Erasmus Darwin
Antonio Vallisneri
Bodenheimer Cestoni
By 1762 the first successful importation of an
organism from one country to another for biological
control took place with the introduction of the
mynah bird from India to the island of Mauritius, for
locust control.
14 18TH CENTURY BS AGRICULTURE
WILLIAM WILLIAM Kirby & Spence (1815)
KIRBY SPENCE showed that predaceous
coccinellids controlled aphids.
Ratzeberg(ca.1828) called particular attention
to the value of parasitic insects with publication
of a large volume on the parasitoids of forest
insects in Germany. He did not believe that
parasitic control could be augmented by humans.
Agustino Bassi (1834) first demonstrated
that a microorganism, Beauvaria bassiana,
caused an animal disease, namely the
muscardine disease of silkworms.
Kollär (1837) writing an article for farmers,
foresters and gardeners pointed out the
importance of entomophagous insects in nature's
economy; studied parasitoid biologies and was
the first to report the existence of egg
parasitoids.
Boisgiraud (1843) reported that he used the
predaceous carabid beetle, Calasoma sycophanta, to
successfully control gypsy moth larvae on poplars
growing near his home in rural France. He also reported
that he had destroyed earwigs in his garden by
introducing predaceous staphylinid beetles.
Asa Fitch (1855) was the State Entomologist of
New York who is recorded as the first entomologist
to seriously consider the transfer of beneficial insects
from one country to another for the control of an
agricultural pest. Fitch suggested that the European
parasitoids of the wheat midge, Sitydiplosis
mesellana, be sent into the eastern United States.
Benjamin Walsh supported Fitch's suggestion and in
1866 he became the first worker in the United States
to suggest that insects be employed in weed control.
He proposed that insects feeding on toadflax, Linaria
vulgaris, be imported from Europe to control invaded
yellow toadflax plants.
Charles Valentine Riley (1870) has been named
the father of modern biological control. In 1873 he
became the first person to successfully transfer a
predator from one country to another with the
shipment of the American predatory mite,
Tyroglyphus phylloxerae to France for use against
the destructive grapevine phylloxera.
In 1883, Riley directed the first successful
intercontinental transfer of an insect parasitoid,
Apanteles glomeratus, from England to the
United States for control of the imported
cabbageworm.
Under Harry Scott Smith, the importation of
Chrysolina beetles from Australia for Klamath
weed control marked the beginning of
biological weed control in California in 1944.
22 BS AGRICULTURE
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
PREDATION PARASITISM PATHOGENS COMPETITORS
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23 BS AGRICULTURE
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
ALLELOPATH RELEASE OF BIOPESTICIDES CONSERVATION OF
Y STERILE NATURAL ENEMIES
INSECTS
24 BS AGRICULTURE
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
GENETIC CONTROL MICROBIOME MANIPULATION
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
01 CONTROL
Predation
Predatory organisms are used to control
pest populations by consuming them.
Examples include ladybugs (ladybird
beetles) that eat aphids, birds that feed on
insects, and certain nematodes that attack
insect larvae.
Coccinellidae (Ladybugs) vs.
Aphidoidea (Aphids)
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
01 CONTROL
Predation
Important insect predators include
lady beetles, ground beetles, rove beetles,
flower bugs, and other predatory true
bugs, lacewings, and hover flies. Spiders
and some families of mites are also
predators of insects, pest species of mites,
and other arthropods.
Carabidae (Ground Beetle) vs.
Isopoda(Isopod)
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
02 CONTROL
Parasitism
Parasitic organisms lay their eggs or
larvae inside or on the host pest, which
then serves as a food source for the
developing parasitoid. Parasitoid wasps
and flies are common examples of
organisms used for pest control through
parasitism.
Meteorus autographae
Muesebeck(Parasitoid Wasp) vs.
Aphidoidea(Aphids)
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
03 CONTROL
Pathogens
Microbial pathogens, such as bacteria,
fungi, and viruses, can be used to infect and
kill pest species. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
is a well-known bacterium used to control
certain insect pests, while
entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria
bassiana are used to target various insect Bacillus Thuringiensis vs.
pests. Simuliidae (Black flies)
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
04 CONTROL
Competitors
Introducing competitive species that can
outcompete pests for resources can help
reduce pest populations. For example,
planting cover crops or beneficial ground
cover plants can provide competition to
weeds and reduce their growth. Altica spp. (Flea Beetle) vs.
Alternanthera philoxeroides
(Alligator Weed)
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
05 CONTROL
Allelopathy
Some plants release chemicals into
the soil that inhibit the growth of
neighboring plants. This natural
process, known as allelopathy, can be
used to control weeds by planting
allelopathic crops that suppress weed
growth.
Secale cereale (Cereal Rye) vs.
weeds
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
06 CONTROL
Release of Sterile Insects
The sterile insect technique involves
releasing large numbers of sterile male
insects into the wild population. When
these sterile males mate with wild
females, no offspring are produced,
gradually reducing the pest population.
Untreated female Glossina palpalis
gambiensis vs. male treated with a
pyriproxyfen pink powder
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
07 Bio CONTROL
pesticides
Biopesticides are biological agents
derived from microorganisms, plants, or
other natural sources that can be used to
control pests. They include microbial
pesticides (e.g., Bt-based products),
botanical pesticides (e.g., neem oil), and
biochemical pesticides (e.g., insect Spraying pesticides
pheromones).
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
08 CONTROL
Conservation of Natural Enemies
This strategy involves enhancing the
populations of existing beneficial
organisms, such as predators and
parasitoids, by providing suitable habitat,
reducing the use of chemical pesticides,
and implementing other practices that
support their presence.
Coccinellidae (Ladybug)
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
09 GeneticCONTROL
Control
Genetic techniques can be used to
modify pest populations or render them
less harmful. For example, genetically
engineered crops may produce toxins
harmful to specific pests.
Zea mays (Corn)
Engineered Crop
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST
10 CONTROL
Microbiome Manipulation
Altering the microbial communities
within the environment or the pests
themselves can impact pest populations.
For instance, introducing beneficial
microorganisms or disrupting the pest's gut
microbiome can be used for pest control.
Genera Staphylococcus
BS AGRICULTURE
ADVANTAGE
OF USING
Biological Control Method
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ADVANTAGE
01 Reduced Reliance on Chemical Pesticides
02 Targeted Pest Control
03 Sustainable Pest Management
04 Reduced Pest Resistance
05 Minimal Environmental Impact
ADVANTAGE
06 Long-Term Control
07 Reduced Costs
08 Enhanced Crop Quality
09 Reduced Residues in Food
10 Compatibility with IPM
11 Support for Beneficial Organisms
BS AGRICULTURE
DISADVANTAGE
OF USING
Biological Control Method
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DISADVANTAGE
01 Effectiveness Can Vary
02 Time-Consuming
03 Lack of Control Over Natural Enemies
04 Risk of Non-Target Effects
05 Cost and Availability
DISADVANTAGE
06 Resistance
07 Compatibility with Other Pest Management Practices
08 Regulatory Considerations
09 Weather and Environmental Factors
10 Limited Host Range
11 Research and Expertise Required
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, biological control in agriculture stands as a powerful and
sustainable approach to pest management. This comprehensive exploration has
shed light on its significance, historical evolution, and potential advantages and
disadvantages. By harnessing the forces of nature, biological control offers a
promising avenue for reducing reliance on chemical pesticides, preserving
ecosystem balance, and promoting sustainable agriculture. While challenges and
limitations exist, continued research and innovation in this field hold the key to
further enhancing its efficacy and ensuring its vital role in securing our food
production systems for the future.
REFERENCE:
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Biological-Control-of-Insect-Pests#
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THAT’S ALL
AND
THANK YOU
