DIFFERENTPLANT PATHOGENS
SURVIVAL [Link]
MAHESSAR
PP-603
INTRODUCTION
•The means of survival are the first link in the infection chain or the disease cycle.
•The initial infection that occurs from these sources in the crop are called primary
infection and the propagates are called primary Inoculum.
Pathogen itself or its parts that are capable of causing disease when
brought near a host is called inoculum.
AFTER INITIATION OF THE DISEASE IN THE CROP, THE SPORES
OR CELLS OR OTHER STRUCTURES OF THE PATHOGEN ARE
SOURCES OF SECONDARY INOCULUMS AND CAUSE SECONDARY
INFECTION. THE PRIMARY INFECTION INITIATE THE DISEASE
AND SECONDARY INFECTION SPREAD THE DISEASE.
SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY BACTERIA
•leaf spots and blights – water soaked, greasy
• soft rots of fruits
• wilts (systemic – xylem)
• cankers
• gall (overgrowths/cell proliferation)
SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY VIRUSES
• dwarfing or stunting to some degree
• mosaics – light green, yellow or white
areas intermingled with green – leaves
or fruits or stems
fruits
• ring spots – chlorotic or necrotic rings –
leaves,
SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY
VIRUSES
Ring Spot
Dwarfing
BUD ROT IN COCONUT
CAUSED BY
BACTERIA GROWING TIP OR
BUD DECAYS
• CUT AND BURN
SEVERELY AFFECTED
PLANTS.
APPLY BORDEAUX
MIXTURE
BLIGHT DISEASE IN PADDY (CAUSED BY BACTERIA)
CAUSED BY BACTERIA
LEAVES DRY FROM TIP TO BASE
SPOTS APPEAR ALONG EDGES OF
LEAVES
Prevention: PLANT NUTRIENTS
ESPECIALLY NITROGEN
SURVIVAL OF THE SOIL BORNE PATHOGEN
Soil inhabitants (survive in soil for relatively longer periods),
soil invaders (survive in the soil for relatively shorter periods
Non-pathogenic and generally in the form of saprobes
(organisms that live on decaying organic matter).
In crop debris
In seed
On alternate hosts (including weeds)
SURVIVAL OF FUNGAL
PATHOGEN
In the absence of the living host ,the facultative parasites are capable of surviving as
saprophytes.
Soil and plant debris serve as media for this saprophytic survival. Spp.
Of Pythium, Sclerotium etc. resting structure like oospores and sclerotia .
In Pythium aphanidermatum( foot rot of papaya), the fungus rapidly forming
oospores. S. rolfsii, Sclerotia are formed and these can germinate under decaying
residues. [Link] Sclerotium
P.
FUNGAL PATHOGENS AS SOURCE OF
SURVIVAL AND PRIMARY
INOCULUM
1)Soil borne fungi:-[Link] spores(conidia,chlamydospores,oospores,perithesia
etc.) [Link] dormant structure such as thickened hyphae and Sclerotia
2)Seed borne fungi:-[Link]
spores on seed coat
[Link] mycelium and spores
under the seed coat or in the
EXAMPLES PRIMARY
INOCULUM
3)Dormant fungal structures including dead plant
parts remaining on the trees.
P. brassicae survive through its resting spores lying free or in crop debris in the soil
for upto 10 years. [Link] survive through spores balls.
Pythium ,Phytophthora and albugo are produced dormant structure oospores and
conidia.
Plasmodiophora Plant debris Phytophthora on dead plant
CONCLUSION
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC
BACTERIA
Dormant structure(eggs, cysts,galls,cockles etc.).Quiescence is an adaption for
survival of nematodes under adverse conditions.
A. tritici are viable for upto 28 years in cockles, [Link] viable 7-8 years in
absence of the host.
SURVIVAL OF PHANEROGAMIC
PLANT PARASITES
CUSCUTA-DODDER
ORABANCHE-broomrape
LORANTHUS
DISPERSAL OF PLANT
PATHOGEN
Transport of spores or infectious bodies, acting as inoculum, from one host to
another host at various distances resulting in the spread of the disease.
OR
Displacement of a plant pathogen from its place of production or origin to a
suitable place where it can grow/establish.
SPORE LIBERATION(TAKE
OFF)
Squirt gun mechanism:-Ascus swells at maturity and burst at the tip in air.
Rounding off mechanism:- Top of sporophore rounded off and ejected into air.
Mechanical momentum:-Through rain drop
and winds.
Blowing away:-Rust uredospore.
Spash:-Pycnidia.
SPORE LANDING(DEPOSITION)
Sedimentation:-Under the influence of gravity
Impaction:-wind flowing.
Dispersal of plant pathogen are mainly consist of two method viz. active and
passive dispersal.
Active dispersal:- No need any type of external energy for dispersal of plant
pathogen.
By soil:-Pythium and phytophthora form zoospores can swim with water in the soil,
Actinomycetes, Synchytrium and Fusarium can also grow in the soil.
SPORE LANDING(DEPOSITION)
BASICS:
By seed:-Cuscuta, sclerotia of ergot fungi, ear cockle and cyst containing nematode.
Pathogen present in seed coat such as smut of bajra, karnal bunt of wheat, bunt of
rice and leaf smut of rice ,BLB etc.
Pstv are transmit by pollen.
By plant organ:- Mostly in vegetative propagated plant such as black wart potato,
late blight of potato, citrus canker etc.
PASSIVE DISPERSAL
This type of dispersal are done by the help of any type of external energy
such as animals, insects, and nematode etc.
Animals:-Through vegetative propagation such as late blight of potato, bacterial
wilt of banana,sigatoka disease of banana etc.
Insects:- Cucurbit wilt(E. Trachiephila-spoted cucumber beetle-Diabrotica
undecimpunctata), dutch elm disease-Ceratostomella ulmi etc.
Nematode:-Yellow ear rot of wheat- Rathayibacter tritici, grape fan leaf-
xiphinema,
nepo-longidorus, tobra-trichodorus etc.
DISPERSAL WAYS
Surface running water
after heavy rains
Long distance ------ floods
Ex: The mycelial fragments, spores or sclerotia of
fungi,Colletotrichum , Fusarium, Macrophomina,Pythium,
Phytophthora, Sclerotium, etc.,
DISPERSAL BY WIND
Short distance dissemination
sporangia of downy mildew fungi, conidia of
powdery mildew fungi and basidiospores of rust
fungi
Long distance dessimination
Uredospores of rust fungi, Chlamydospores of
smut fungi conidia of Alternaria, Helminthosporium
and Pyricularia, etc
PRACTICAL PP-404 MEDIA
CULTURE PDA METHOD
POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR
(PDA)
PDA
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) is used for the cultivation of
fungi. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) is a general purpose medium
for yeasts and molds that can be supplemented with acid or
antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth
it is recommended for plate count methods for foods,
dairy products and testing
PRINCIPLE OF POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR
(PDA)
Potato Dextrose Agar is composed of dehydrated Potato
Infusion and Dextrose that encourage luxuriant fungal
growth.
Agar is added as the solidifying agent
Preparing Ourself
COMPOSITION OF POTATO DEXTROSE
AGAR (PDA)
Note: 200 gm of potato infusion is equivalent to 4.0 gm of potato extract
Potato infusion 200 gm
Dextrose 20 gm
Agar 20 gm
Distilled water 1 liter
USES OF POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA)
Potato Dextrose Agar is used for the detection of yeasts and molds
in dairy products and prepared foods.
It may also be used for the cultivation of yeasts and molds from
clinical specimens.
Potato Dextrose Agar with TA (Tartaric Acid) is recommended for
the microbial examination of food and dairy products.
PROCEDURE OF POTATO DEXTROSE
AGAR (PDA)
To prepare potato infusion, boil 200 g sliced, unpeeled potatoes in 1 liter distilled
water for 30 min.
Filter through cheesecloth, saving effluent, which is potato infusion (or use
commercial dehydrated form).
Mix with Dextrose, Agar and Water and boil to dissolve.
Autoclave 15 min at 121°C.
Dispense 20-25 ml portions into sterile 15 × 100 mm petri dishes.
Final pH, 5.6 ± 0.2
RESULT INTERPRETATION OF POTATO
DEXTROSE AGAR
Yeasts will grow as creamy to white colonies.
Molds will grow as filamentous colonies of various color
LIMITATION OF AGAR PDA
It is recommended that biochemical, immunological, molecular, or mass
spectrometry testing be performed on colonies from pure culture for complete
identification.
Potato dextrose agar (abbreviated "PDA") is the most widely used medium for
growing fungi and bacteria.
References
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). TM Media.
