Basic Occupational Safety and Health

BEE 132

CHAPTER I -
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

Presenters: Absara, Al-Qudcy C.

Acsaran, Amierhasan P.
 Basic Occupational Safety and Health
BEE 132

Promoting Safety and Health as

an Engineer’s Professional and
Ethical Responsibility

Group 1
BSEE 3B
SAFETY and RISK

The terms of safety and risk are inter-

related. It is amzing to know that what
may be safe enough for one person
may not be for someone else. It is
because of either different perceptions
about what is safe or different
predipositions to harm.
SAFETY

According to William W.
Lowrance, the famous of
those times. Safety was
defined as “A thing is safe if
its risks are judged to be
acceptable.”
 SAFETY
To be more clear on this, let us consider three cases:

First case, where we seriously understimate the risks of something.

Buying a non-brand electric dryer from a local market without any
guarantee, may eventaully send us to a hospital with a sever electric
shock or burn.

Second case, we grossly overstimate the risks of something. If we

suddenly know that the consumption of carbonated beverages such as
cola as a poisonous drink.

Third case, this can be a situational wherein a group makes no

judgement at all about whether the risks of a thing are acceptable or not.
As defined, this is the position where the thing is neither safe nor unsafe
with respect to certain brands are considered safe, while others are not
where nothing to seems to differ.
SAFETY
Definition of Safety;

A thing is safe (to a certain degree) with

respect to a given person or group at a given time
if were they fully aware of its risks and
expressing their most settled value, they woulf
judge those risks to be acceptable to that certain
degree.

Safety: Safe operation of system and the

prevention of natural or human caused.
RISKS

“A risk is the potential that something

unwanted and harmful may occur.”

According to William D Rowe, potential for

the realization of unwanted consequences
from impending events.
 TYPES OF RISKS

Acceptability of Risk

Voluntarism and Control

Effective Information on Risk Assessment

Job-Related Risk

Magnitude and Proximity

 Acceptability of Risk

Acceptability of Risk

“ a risk is acceptable when those affected are

generally are no longer apprehesive about it” Voluntarism and
Control

FACTORS:
• Whether the risk is accepted voluntarily
• The effects of knowledge on how the probabilities Effective Information
on Risk Assessment
of harm (or benefit) are known perceived.

Job-related Risk

Magnitude and
Proximity
 Voluntarism and Control

Acceptability of Risk

Voluntarism and
Control
The person who breaks a red signal, is prone to be
a victim of an accident, but risks. A person who
lives near a dumping yard is pront to ill-health, Effective Information
on Risk Assessment
but neglects. A boy who rides a vehicles at a high
speed cannot rely on the perfect functioning of the
brakes.But these take voluntary risks thinking Job-related Risk
they can control.
Magnitude and
Proximity
 Effective Information on Risk
Assessment
Acceptability of Risk

The acceptance of risks also depends on the manner

Voluntarism and
in which information necessary for decision making Control

is presented. A person can be motivated to violate

the safety rules by explaining the higher probablity
of success, whereas the same person can be Effective Information
on Risk Assessment
demotivated from such task, by explaining the
probability of failure and the fatal effects of it.
Job-related Risk

Magnitude and
Proximity
 Job-related Risks

Acceptability of Risk

In some jobs where the workers are exposed to

Voluntarism and
chemicals, radiations and poisonous gases, etc., they Control

are not informed about the probable risks the workers

would be facing, in doing their jobs.
Effective Information
on Risk Assessment
These are such dangers where the toxic environments
cannot readily be seen, smelled heard or sensed
otherwise. Job-related Risk

Magnitude and
Proximity
 Magnitude and Proximity

Acceptability of Risk

It is ufiortunate the most of us, realize the

Voluntarism and
magnitude of risk only when we ourselves or the Control

person who is in our close proximity or a relative,

gets affected.
Effective Information
on Risk Assessment
• The attitude of “out of sight, out of mind”
• The assumption that predictions for the future
must be discounted by using lower probabilities Job-related Risk
• The belief that a counter-measure will be found
in tie.
Magnitude and
Proximity
RISK ANALYSIS

The study of risk analysis covers other areas

such as risk identification, risk analysis, risk
assessment, risk rating, suggestions on risk
control and risk mitigation. In fact, risk
analysis can be deeply discussed with a
view on risk management study. The risk
management study also includes residual
risk transfer, risk financing, etc.
RISK ANALYSIS
A step-wise risk analysis includes −
• Hazards identification
• Failure modes and frequencies evaluation from established sources
and best practices.
• Selection of credible scenarios and risks.
• Fault and event trees for various scenarios.
• Consequences-effect calculations with work out from models.
• Individual and societal risks.
• ISO risk contours superimposed on layouts for various scenarios.
• Probability and frequency analysis.
• Established risk criteria of countries, bodies, standards.
• Comparison of risk against defined risk criteria.
• Identification of risk beyond the location boundary, if any.
• Risk mitigation measures.
 RISK BENEFIT
ANALYSIS

The risk to be occurred in If the idea of risk is The risk which is analytically The risk which is intuitively
future is completely known developed using current data, based on system models
after it gets fully developed. It such one is called structured from historical seen by individuals is called
is called as Real future risk. as Statistical risk. studies is called as Projected
risk. as Perceived risk.
RISK REDUCTION

• Define the Problem.

• Generate Several Solutions.
• Analyze each solution to determine the pros and
cons of each.

• Test the solutions.

• Select the best solution.
• Implement the chosen solution.
• Analyze the risk in the chosen solution.
• Try to solve or move to next solution.
THE GOVERNMENT’S
APPROACH

The two major approaches of the government are −

• Lay person − Wants to protect himself or herself

from risk.

• The government regulator − Wants as much

assurance as possible that the public is not being
exposed to unexpected harm.
 Basic Occupational Safety and Health
BEE 132

Thank You
F o r Yo u r A t t e n t i o n

GROUP 1