KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PROGRAMME

NTA LEVEL 7 (FIFTH SEMISTER)
ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 01

GROUP SEVEN (07)

STUDENTS NAME; OMAR JUMA MOHAMED.
HAMED JAMAL KHAMIS.
YOHANA V MUSANI.
 Universal Motors.
Universal Motor is a special type of motor that is created with the aim to
operate with almost the same features as AC as well as DC power.
This unique feature of being able to operate at all types of voltages makes it
‘Universal’. It can generate a speed of up to 3500 rpm.
These types of motors are used in portable tools and different types of
equipment. The structure of the universal motor is similar to the DC motor
except for certain changes to let it operate on AC devices.
It is divided into two categories, namely compensated type and
uncompensated type.
Construction of Universal Motor
Design of a universal motor is similar to that of a common brushed DC
motor. A universal motor consists of an electromagnetic type of magnet
where commutator and brushes are placed on skewed slots.
Its main parts are the rotor and the stator. The main parts of Universal Motor
are shown in the figure below are:
Stator
It is the stationary part of the motor which contains the following
components: Laminated case, Field coils, Wiring from source and Brushes.
Rotor
It is the rotating part and is also called the armature. It consists of the
following; Shaft Commutator and Rotor windings.
Commutator
The Commutator periodically reverses the direction of current in the rotor and
external circuit. This makes sure that the current flowing through the rotor
winding is always in the same direction.
Frame
The frame of a universal motor is made up of steel or rolled iron shells. It is
responsible for maintaining the laminations of the magnetic field and motor
body.
Field Winding
Field Winding is an important component of the Universal Motor. It is
responsible for generating the required magnetic field flux within the rotor
armature.
Working Principle of Universal Motor
When a universal motor is supplied with a DC supply, it works like a DC
Series Motor with brushes. The current passes from the field coil on the
stator to the Commutator through the brushes to reach the armature coils or
the rotor winding.
Electric current passes through each segment of the Commutator in the same
direction to produce an electromagnetic flux. The current-carrying armature
conductor experiences a mechanical force or torque due to the magnetic
field around it. This causes the rotor to spin and works with high efficiency
in this arrangement.
When a Universal Motor is subjected to an AC supply, the current will flow
in different directions in opposite coils. This is the reason for using a series
connection, which causes the polarity change and magnetic flux in winding
to reverse at the same time. The unidirectional magnetic field and torque
action causes the rotor to rotate in the same manner.
The efficiency of the motor is much lower with AC supply
A DC series motor connected to an AC source will not function properly.
The reason is heavy losses due to eddy currents and a fluctuating magnetic
field.
To avoid this, the stator windings and armature are laminated. To change the
direction of the rotation of the motor, the connection of windings of either
the stator or the rotor needs to be reversed.
Types of Universal Motors
There are two types of Universal Motors,
Non-Compensated Motor
It has concentrated poles and is used for appliances that require low power.
High resistance brushes are used in the construction of the motor to improve
commutation.
Compensated Motor
These are type of motor which has a distributed field winding. There is an
extra winding in addition to the major field winding called the compensating
winding. The extra winding reduces the high voltage reactance in the
armature of the motor due to the alternating flux when it is supplied with
AC. It is used in appliances that run on high power.
Applications of Universal Motor
Universal Motor are most commonly used in electrical appliances where
high speed is required. Some of the applications of Universal Motor are as
follows:
• Universal Motors are used in mixer grinders, vaccum cleaner and washing
machine.
• They are used inside the motor of fans and air conditioners
• These motors are used in hair dryers, sewing machine and drilling
machine.
 Servo motor
A servo motor is a type of motor that is used in various
applications to provide precise control of angular or linear
position, velocity, and acceleration.
It operates based on feedback control, where the motor's
position is continuously monitored and adjusted to achieve
the desired output.
Types of servo motor
1. DC Servo Motor:
DC servo motors operate on direct current (DC) power and are known for their
simplicity and ease of control.
They are commonly used in applications where precise control of speed and
position is required.
2. AC Servo Motor:
AC servo motors operate on alternating current (AC) power and are often used
in high-performance applications.
They are suitable for tasks that require high torque and dynamic response,
such as robotics and industrial automation.
3. Brushed Servo Motor:
Brushed servo motors use brushes and a commutator for the transfer of
electrical power to the motor windings.
While they are less common today due to the maintenance requirements of
brushes, they are still used in specific applications.
3. Brushless DC (BLDC) Servo Motor:
BLDC servo motors are similar to traditional brushed DC motors but do not
have brushes and commutators.
They offer improved efficiency, reduced maintenance, and are commonly used
in applications where longer service life is critical.
5. Linear Servo Motor:
5. Linear servo motors provide linear motion instead of rotational motion. They are
designed for applications that require precise linear positioning.
6. They find use in CNC machines, precision manufacturing, and other applications
where linear motion control is essential.
6. AC Synchronous Servo Motor:
5. AC synchronous servo motors operate at a fixed speed and maintain
synchronization with the frequency of the power supply.
6. They are used in applications where constant speed and accuracy are critical.
7. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Servo Motor:
5. PWM servo motors are often used in radio-controlled devices and robotics.
6. They operate based on PWM sigals, where the width of the pulses determines
the position of the motor.
8. Digital Servo Motor:
Digital servo motors use digital control signals for more precise and
accurate position control.
They are commonly used in applications where high-resolution and
rapid response are essential.
9. Servo Stepper Motor:
Servo stepper motors combine the characteristics of both servo motors
and stepper motors.
They offer the precise control of a servo motor with the ability to move
in discrete steps like a stepper motor.
[Link]-Torque Servo Motor:
High-torque servo motors are designed to provide increased torque
output, making them suitable for applications requiring high force or
heavy loads.
 The working principle
The working principle of a servo motor is based on the feedback control
system, where the motor continuously receives feedback about its current
position and adjusts its movement to reach and maintain the desired
position. Here is a basic overview of the working principle of a servo
motor:
1. Control System:
 The servo motor system consists of three main components: the servo motor, a control circuit, and a
feedback system.
 The control circuit is responsible for generating control signals based on the input command and feedback
information.
2. Feedback System:
 A feedback device, often an encoder or resolver, is attached to the output shaft of the servo motor.
 The feedback device continuously monitors the actual position of the motor and sends this information back
to the control circuit.
3. Error Signal Calculation:
 The control circuit compares the desired position (commanded position) with the actual position obtained
from the feedback device.
 The difference between the desired position and the actual position is known as the error signal.
4. Controller Output:
The control circuit processes the error signal and generates a control signal based on this error.
The control signal is sent to the servo motor to adjust its position, speed, or torque.
5. Adjustment of Motor Output:
The servo motor receives the control signal and adjusts its output accordingly.
The adjustment is typically made by controlling the voltage or current supplied to the motor
windings.
6. Continuous Feedback Loop:
The entire process operates in a continuous feedback loop. The feedback device constantly provides
information about the motor's actual position.
The control circuit continuously adjusts the motor's output based on the feedback, minimizing the
error signal and keeping the motor at the desired position.
7. Precision and Accuracy:
This closed-loop control system ensures that the servo motor achieves and maintains a high level of
precision and accuracy in its movement.
The feedback system allows the motor to correct any deviations from the commanded position in
real-time.
8. Variable Speed and Torque:
The control circuit can also adjust the input signals to the motor to achieve different speeds and
torques, providing flexibility for various applications.