MIXED USED BUILDINGS

Throughout history, it was natural to build homes next to markets, eateries, taverns, places of worship, and various
shops. Here in North America, the earliest cities and towns sprouted around a “Main Street” - a thoroughfare lined with
ground-floor businesses and upper-floor dwellings.
 WHAT ARE MIXED USED BUILDINGS
There are multiple definitions for mixed used buildings , that are given below:

A wide range of community real These buildings provide city A mixed-use building is a A place to live ,work , shopping,
estate development projects. inhabitants with neighborhoods development that encompasses interact under one roof.
Mixed-used projects may include that integrate work, home, living, working and play in one
any combination of the following: shopping, transportation, and even location, combining residential and
housing, office, retail, medical, green spaces. commercial uses
recreational, commercial, or
industrial spaces.
 BASIC HISTORY OF MIXED USED BUILDINGS
Where Did This Idea Come From Anyway?
The most perfect historical examples of early mixed-use, live, work, play
communities are probably the medieval villages of the 5th-15th centuries.
Densely built within towering city walls, the medieval village is the perfect
example of a functional, productive community, incorporating all the rules
of mixed-use development.

The mixed-use typology is not new; one of the first examples is Trajan’s
Market (110 AD) of ancient Rome with both shops and apartments built in
a multi-level structure. The rise of the automobile and telecommunication
technologies in the 20th Century, meant dispersion. Sprawl prevailed.
However, as the population has increasingly migrated into cities over the
past thirty years, the mixed-use building has experienced a period of great
experimentation and rebirth.
Why is there a Rising Need of Mixed-Use Buildings?
Traditionally, humans settled in mixed-use patterns, pooling all
their resources into one central area. Historical examples can be
found in the old market squares of ancient Rome where shops,
apartments, administrative offices, and often a library were
intermixed.

Rapid growth in urban centers continues to spur planners to

create new solutions. Some old ideas, however, are being dusted
off and given a modern update. Mixed-use buildings and
developments go back to ancient times.

Today, no planner can get away with simply designing a stand-

alone office or residential building.
The mixed-use building not only sustainably utilizes resources
and precious space, but also provides city inhabitants with
neighborhoods that integrate work, home, shopping,
transportation, and even green spaces.
The concept also allows planners to flexibly adapt building uses
GUOCO TOWER , SINGAPORE
as times change.
TYPES OF MIXED USED BUILDINGS
There are two different types of mixed used buildings:
VERTICAL MIXED USED BUILDINGS: HORIZANTAL MIXED USED BUILDINGS:
A vertical mixed-use building is a multi-storey building A horizontal mixed-used building is spread over a site
with a typical mix of places apartments on the upper consisting of several blocks around an open space or
levels and retail or offices at street level. There is also courtyard. These individual buildings serve one or two
a basement level that provides parking and access to specific uses while creating a microcosm within a
underground public transportation. neighborhood.
WHY ENCOURAGE MIX USE BUILDING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD?
A good building must bear in mind the needs of its future occupants as well as its impact on its surroundings.
Additionally, the profit of the neighborhood should also be considered.
There are many benefits of mixed-use buildings.
The reason why these buildings are good for the neighborhood is that they make the lives of the residents easier.
As urbanization puts pressure on the need of buildings to “do” more with “less” increases, more and more neighborhood
is an adaptation to this kind of lifestyle.

BENIFITS:
• They provide greater housing variety and density.
• Mixed-use buildings reduce distances between housing,
workplaces, retail businesses, and other amenities.
• Placemaking
• Mixed-use projects are designed to encourage cultural activities
and social connections.
• Reactivating Underutilized Space.
• Reduction of Traffic, Parking Needs, and Pollution
• These buildings give better access to fresh and healthy foods, as
the food retail and farmers markets are near the housing.
 WHY IS THERE NEED FOR SAFETY AND SECURITY IN MIX USE BUILDING?
Safety and security are important aspects of a mixed-use building. With so many users
assembling in one place, they will look into the safety conditions of a building.
Below are a few reasons why safety and security should be a top priority while building
a mixed-use facility.
• Property crimes and robbery are the most common crimes that are likely to
occur in a densely populated area, such as mixed-use buildings.
• if the population density is high, then homicide and assault decrease. However,
robbery victimization increases.
• Likewise, if the density is low, then homicide and assault also increase.

ACCESS CONTROL AND MOVEMENT IN MIXED USED BUILDING:

• Mixed-use buildings always need some kind of access control system to ensure
that residents, hotel guests, shoppers, and business people only have access to
common areas and their own private areas.
• Transportation solutions play a major role in keeping these areas separate while
getting people to their destinations as quickly as possible.
 VERTICAL AND HORIZANTAL MIXED
MIXED LAND USED IDEA USE BUILDING
FEATURES OF MIXED-USE BUILDING IN
PAKISTAN:

Some of the key features that make mixed-use complexes different from other property projects in Pakistan
have been listed as under:

Modern Architecture
Indoor Facilities
Well-designed Outdoor Spaces

MODERN ARCHITECTURE: INDOOR FACILITIES: WELL DESIGN OUTDOOR

Spacious corridors, comfortable Commercial outlets, eateries, SERVICES:
staircases, expansive lobbies, and gymnasium and fitness facilities, To promote the concept of
well-designed residential units are community halls, daycare centres, community living, mixed-use
some of the common architectural healthcare and emergency centres. spaces are usually planned with
features of mixed-use building well-designed outdoor spaces.
plans. These include walkways, common
terrace areas, walking and jogging
tracks on different levels of a
building.
environmentally friendly, decorated
with trees and plants.
TYPES OF HIGH RISE BUILDING STRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Types of High-Rise Buildings Structural Systems:

• BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM

• RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• SHEAR WALL SYSTEM
• CORE AND OUTRIGGER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
• INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• FLAT PLATE AND FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• TUBE STRUCTURE
• COUPLED WALL SYSTEM
• HYBRID STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM
Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting
laterals loads primarily diagonal members that together with
the girders, form the “web” of the vertical truss, with the
columns acting as the “chords’’.

An outstanding advantage of braced frame is that, it can be

repetitive up the height of the building with obvious economy
in design and fabrication.

• RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE

In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are constructed
monolithically to withstand moments imposed due to loads.

It is suitable for reinforced concrete buildings.

One of the advantages of rigid frames is the likelihood of
planning and fitting of windows due to open rectangular
arrangement.

20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid frame

system.
SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from reinforced
concrete or masonry wall.

Shear walls are generally used in high-rise buildings subject.

It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between
rooms and apartments.

Shear wall structural system can be economical up to 35

stories building structure.

OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE
It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from reinforced
concrete or masonry wall.

Shear walls are generally used in high-rise buildings subject.

It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between
rooms and apartments.

Shear wall structural system can be economical up to 35

stories building structure.
FLAT PLATE AND FLATE SLAB STRUCTURE
This system consists of slabs (flat or plate) connected to
columns (without the use of beams).

The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that

includes either drop panels or column capitals at columns to
resist heavier loads.
Suitable for building up to 25 stories.

TUBE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

This system consists of exterior columns and beams that
create rigid frame, and interior part of the system which is
simple frame designed to support gravity loads.

The building behaves like equivalent hollow tube.

FRAME TUBE BUNDLE TUBE
It is used for the construction of buildings up to 60 storeys.
Types of tube structure system include framed tube system ,
trussed tube system , bundled tube system , and tube in tube
system.

TRUSS TUBE
COUPLED WALL STRUCTURE
This system composed of two or more
interconnected shear walls.
Shear walls connected at the floor levels by
beam or stiff slabs.
The system is suitable for buildings up to 40
storey height.

HYBRID STRUCTURE SYSTEM

It is the combination of two or more of basic
structural forms either by direct combination
or by adopting different forms in different
parts of the structure.
It can be used for the buildings of as high as
300m.
The concept of a hybrid structure is not to
limit the designer to use just one material,
but to allow them the freedom to explore
different materials to compliment the vision
of the project, and assist with meeting many
objectives that a scheme is trying to achieve –
aesthetics, thermal, sustainability, local
impact or to remove small barriers in a
project.
MEP SERVICES SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
Mixed-use buildings, combining two or more uses into a single structure, can
see parking garages, apartments, shops, restaurants and others come
together under one roof. This brings an increased opportunity for
multipurpose buildings to benefit from mechanical, electrical and plumbing
(MEP) engineering expertise.

MEP systems turn constructions from empty apartments into cozy places
that are liveable and welcoming, whatever the building type is. Let’s take a
closer look at these three disciplines.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN MEP DESIGN SERVICE:

The most common types of mechanical systems are air
conditioning systems, ventilation, and space cooling or heating.
These systems provide health and comfort, keep the indoor
temperature and humidity at a comfortable level. Fresh air
supply in your room is also a merit of correctly installed
mechanical systems.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN MEP DESIGN SERVICE:

HVAC SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS:

TYPES OF HVAC SYSTEM:

Central water cooled system
Four pipe water system
Indiviual split system
Vrf system

PRESSURIZED CORRIDOR SYSTEM

CENTRAL CONTROL WATER SYSTEM
Central water cooled system are the most demandable HVAC systyem
for the modern high rise buildings. Equipped with a central cooling
tower and a boiler, this unit has water-sourced heat pump units in
each appartment to maintain optimal temperature throughout the
building.
FOUR PIPE WATER SYSTEM

The system's piping consists of four insulated

pipes, two supply and two return lines. They
provide hot and cooled air simultaneously in
your apartment using indoor fan coil units in
each apartment. It is extremly efficient and
effective.

INDIVIDUAL SPLIT UNIT

Individual split system consists of individual
units for each room in an apartment , rather
than one large unit for all the living spaces in
a high rise building. As these units are smaller
in size, they are inexpensive to install too.
This system include two parts : CONDENSING
UNIT AND INDOOR COIL UNIT.
condensing unit is placed under a window or
balcony while indoor fan unit in mounted
somewhere up in the room.
NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
VENTILATION BRISES SOLEIL OR SUN BREAKERS
Brises Soleil or sun breakers are excellent mechanisms to guarantee
natural ventilation, which in addition to light and solar control if
properly designed and positioned in conjunction with solar and local
wind conditions, can guarantee excellent internal thermal quality.
VENTILATION THROUGH OPENINGS VENTILATION SYSTEM

VENTILATION THROUGH BARRIERS

(SOLID AND PERFORATED BARRIERS)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN MEP DESIGN
SERVICES
General Lighting & Power
1 – HIGH RISE BUILDING POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS:
•sewage ejectors
•pumps / drainage
•water sprinkle (fire suppression)
•potable and non-potable water supply
2. Heating, Ventilation & Air-conditioning (HVAC) System
• power for appliances and office machines
• light for general illumination, seeing tasks, decorative
features, hallways and stairways, others
3. Transport System
•heaters for humidity control
•blowers and fans ventilation
•air-conditioning for temperature control
4. Water Pumps
•conveyors, dumbwaiters, others
•elevators and escalators
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
In large buildings the type of distribution depends on the building
type, dimension, the length of supply cables, and the loads. The
distribution system can be divided in to:
 The vertical supply system (rising mains).
 The horizontal supply (distribution at each floor level)

In most cases a high voltage supply and transformer substation is

required. Normally HV switchgear and substation transformers are
installed at ground floor ( or basement ).

However, often there are appliances with large power demand

installed on the top floors (converters and motors for lifts, air_x0002_conditioning
equipment and electric kitchens).

As it is desirable to brining the high voltage supply as close as

possible to the load centers, transformers are installed at the top floor, or
if required, additional ones are installed on one of the intermediate floors.
In such cases transformers with non-inflammable insulation and cooling
are used.
SINGLE RISING MAINS
APPLICATION:
Where high supply security is not important.

ADVANTAGES:
a) The different loads of individual floors are balanced out.
b) Only a small main L.V board is required.
c) Simple in construction and operation

DISADVANTAGES
: supply security (a fault in the rising mains effect all
Low
floors).
GROUPED SUPPLY INDIVIDUAL
SYSTEM FLOOR SUPPLY
APPLICATION: APPLICATION:
High rise building with high load In high rise buildings were
concentration. Two or more stories are let separately
main line run together and serve (metering is at
different floors. central point at ground floor)

ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
 Easier mounting. Smaller size of cables can be
 Smaller size for rising mains. used (easy installation).
b) In the case of a fault in
DISADVANTAGES arising main, only one story is
effected
:A fault in any rising mains DISADVANTAGES
effect several floors (relatively
•: Different loading of the
low
individual floors can not be
security).
balanced out.
Loads are balanced only
• The rising main must be rated
within each group.
for the peak load of each
Larger power distribution
floor.
board
• Uneconomical – large
number of cables and the
size of the rising main shaft is
quite large.
• Large low voltage distribution
board with numerous circuits
RING MAIN SUPPLY DUBBLE FEED SUPPLY
APPLICATION: APPLICATION:
In large buildings when In large buildings with relatively large
relatively higher security is loads at the top floors (lifts,
required. kitchen, air-conditioning)
ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
• Higher power supply security ( in • Higher power supply security.
the event of a fault, it is possible to • The differing loading of individual
switch off the faulty part and leave floors are balanced out.
the majority of the building • Smaller L.V. distribution board
operational ) required
• A small low voltage distribution
board is required.
• The differing loading of individual
floor are balanced out ( smaller
sizes for rising mains)
HORIZANTAL SUPPLY SYSTEM (DISTRIBUTION AT
EACH FLOOR LEVEL)
Normaly , HV switchgear and substation transformers are
installed at
gound floor or basement.
however, ofter there are appliances with large power
demand installed on the top floors (converters and motors
for lifts, air conditioning equipment and electric kitchens).
PLUMBING ENGINEERING SYSTEM IN
MEP DESIGN SERVICES
In-high-rise designs, they often use a water supply pipe to a
suction tank for a higher zone domestic water booster pump and
piping system to begin with a higher pressure zone, which may
feed the suction tank for even higher pressure zones if needed.

WATER DISTRIBUTION IN GENERAL:

• In tall buildings, plumbing is one of the more chellenging
problems to solve due to the loss in pressure as water travels
up a vertical pipe.
• As bilding get taller, another problem arises as the water
pressure at the bottom of a vertical pipe becomes too great
for safe operation and building codes.
USE OF OVERHEAD TANK IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

The use of overhead tanks to ensure adequate water pressure in

buildings, and especially tall buildings, is very common. The
alternative to overhead tanks is the use of pressurized systems,
where several booster pumps provide the necessary pressure.
Overhead tank solutions were originally created more than a
century ago.

Overhead tanks allow the users to have both water pressure and
water supply in situations where there is no electrical power.
Overhead tanks vary greatly in size, but common to them all is
that they feature “water at the ready”, storing water for
domestic purposes and fire-fighting.
 ELEMENTS FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The booster system is based on several basic hydraulic elements that

can be combined in different ways. Below, the most important elements
are described briefly about the functionality and role in the booster
application in general:

• BREAK TANKS OR UNDERGROUND TANKS

• BOOSTER PUMPS
• RISERS AND BRANCHES

BREAK TANKS
Break tanks are implemented in boosting systems to supply the system
if the mains supply becomes insufficient. Tanks are also implemented in
series-connected boosting systems. Increase overall stored water
capacity.
ELEMENTS FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

BOOSTING PUMPS
Water distribution to buildings is vital for several reasons. People
who live in multi-story buildings always need sufficient water and so
does industrial processes. Therefore, high-quality pumps are crucial
in booster systems.
The main benefit of a booster pump installed in a home is increased
water pressure to all water fixtures.
A booster pump is a mechanical device that uses to increase the
pressure of the water or other fluids. The boost pump is also known
as a pressure pump.

RISES AND BRANCHES

Building supply system is normally divided into risers and branches. In
the risers, the geodetic height has been overcome, and the water is
distributed to the different floors. The branches distribute water to
each tap point.
 SINGLE BOOSTING ZONE DIVIDED
SYSTEM BOOSTER SYSTEM
A single booster system is The building is divided into
perhaps the simplest booster pressure zones of ten floors
system available. It relies on a or less with a booster
single set of pumps supplying supplying each zone from the
pressure boosting from the basement through dedicated
basement to the point. risers.
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES • Manageable pressure
• Only one riser needed zones
(simple design) • Increased flexibility and
• No Space required on security due to zoning
upper floors. • No space required on
DISADVANTAGES upper floors
• Excess pressure on lower • Low-cost operation due to
floors in buildings exceed no residual pressure
ten floors DISADVANTAGES
• Higher static pressure in
upper zones(highpressure
graded pipes)
OVERHEAD WATER- SERIES CONNECTED
TANK WITH TERRACE WITH INTERMEDIATE
BOOSTER SYSTEM BREAK TANKS
Overhead tank systems use a transfer utilizing centrally-placed
pump in the basement to fill the break tanks to supply both
overhead tank by a level switch- the taps, the tank’s own
operated control. The solution boosting zone and all the
requires pressure reduction valves on zones above it. With this
each floor if the building exceeds system, a building is divided
approximately 15 stories, to avoid into smaller and more
unwanted high static pressure at the manageable pressure zones.
taps in the lower floors. ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES • Managble pressure in
• Mature Technology each zone
• Small booster power due to roof • each zone has its own
tank working as buffer supply tank
• Reserve capacity in roof tank DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES • Space required for
• Higher initial cost than single-zone booster sets and tank on
systems service floors.
• High static pressure in upper • Risk of Microbiological
zones (high-pressure growth in tanks.
• graded pipes)
ILLUSTRATION BUILDING CASE
An example is given to illustrate the The imaginary building case is 80 meters
differences between the previously tall,comprising 19 floors and 5 different
mentioned system layouts in terms of hydraulic zones as illustrated on the building to
necessary hydraulic power (P4) and the left. The building footprint is 1,600 m2 (40
energy consumption (E4) for water m x 40 m).Each of the five hydraulic zones has
transport in a high rise building. different users and thereby different
consumption profiles.
FIRE SAFETY AND PROTECTION IN HIGH RISE
BUILDING
DESCRIPTION
Every building shall be constructed,
equipped, maintained and operated
aavoid undue danger to the life and
safety of the occupants from fire, smoke,
fumes or panic during the time period
necessary for the escape.

Challenges for firefighters during

emergencies:
• As the firefighters have to travel a
great vertical distance, evacuation
becomes very much difficult.
• As there is no awareness to fire safety,
most often, the occupants do not
know how to escape in the wake of an
emergency. They are not even aware
of the fire exit paths.
• It takes time for firefighters to find out
the cause of the fire in high-rise
buildings.
Common Causes of fire accidents
• Electrical short-circuit – Faulty electrical system and
malfunctioning circuit breakers are one of the leading
causes of electrical fires. Or Heating equipment in contact
with combustible materials like cloth or wood.
• Kitchen fires due to unattended cooking or LPG and
microwaves.
• Careless smoking.
• Children playing with matchsticks and candles.
DRY RISER PIPE DRY RISER PIPE BUILDING SECTION 2000 L WATER TANK

SINGLE OUTLET HYDRANT VALUE FIRE BUCKETS

SET BACKS ACCORDING TO THE KEY COMPONENTS OF FIRE
HEIGHT OF BUILDING PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire-protection and life safety systems include building
EXIT SYSTEM
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM .
Fire-prevention codes specify the proper maintenance
and repair of these systems.
Fire-protection systems fall into two main categories —
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION FLOORS AND CEILINGS
Passive fire protection involves the use of building components to Floors and ceilings. Another form of compartmentation is a fire-
control or limit a fire. Walls, floors, and ceilings can be designed resistant-rated floor-and-ceiling assembly, which creates a
and constructed to resist the passage of fire and smoke. horizontal barrier to prevent the spread of fire from one floor to
the next. It might consist of a concrete or protected steel floor
WALL AND DOORS slab, a fire-rated ceiling system, or combinations of those
A typical compartmentation system uses fire-rated walls and components.
associated fire doors to contain a fire. The goal of fire-rated walls is
to prevent the horizontal passage of fire. The fire rating of the wall
can vary from 20 minutes to four hours.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FIRE SPRINKLER
Active fire-protection measures are those that take direct A fire sprinkler system is a simple, but key, active component of a
physical action to reduce the growth rate of fire or the domestic or commercial building’s fire protection system.
migration of smoke. Installed in ceilings or side walls, the system consists of a water
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM supply, a water distribution piping system and sprinkler heads.
FIRE SPRINKLER The sprinkler discharges water automatically when a fire is
FIRE DISTINGUISHER detected, though it is not triggered by smoke. It controls or
WET RISER SYSTEM extinguishes the fire, so is both a fire detection and suppression
system.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Fire Alarm System is designed to alert us to an emergency so
that we can take action to protect ourselves, staff and the
general public.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used
to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency
situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control
fire.

Five main types of fire extinguishers

Water, water mist or water spray
Foam
Dry Powder – standard or specialist
Carbon Dioxide (‘CO2’)
Wet Chemical

TRAVEL DISTANCE TO FIRE EXTINGUISHER:

• Should be accessible.
• Should be visible.
• If visual obstruction cannot be avoided, then
• Use arrow’s, , signs and light.
• Not more then 5’ in height
FIRE EXITS SOLUTIONS FOR HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

Fire escape, means of rapid egress from a building,

primarily intended for use in case of fire. Several types
have been used.
TYPES: iron staircase
A knotted rope
Open iron stairway on the building’s exterior,
An iron balcony,
A chute,
Enclosed fire- and smokeproof stairway

iron Balcony

A knotted rope smokeproof staircase/ enclosed stairs a chute

VERTICAL CIRCULATION FOR HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
Vertical circulation comprises major subsystems that provide a means
in multistory buildings for movement of people and goods between
floors. The subsystems have substantially the same objectives but
achieve them in different ways.

ELEMENTS OF VERTICAL CIRCULATION

CORE SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

TYPES OF CORE
Central core
Split core
End core
Atrium core
CORE CONSIST OF:
STAIRCASE/RAMP
ELEVATORS CLassifications of stairs:
TOILETS
COMMON SERVICES

STAIRS:
Medium of travel from one floor to another floor.
Complete arrangement of steps,stringers, handrails,
blusters etc.
Easy and quick access to different floor level.

Most common type of stairs for high rise buildings:

U- SHAPED STAIRS:
Commonly found in office buildings, residential
buildings. If you’ve taken th4e stairs instead of the
elevator at work, you’ve probably used these u-shaped
stairs.

Took less space then straight stairs.

Mostly used for fire exits in buildings.
ELEVATOR SYSTEM TYPES OF ELEVATOR
Elevator, also called lift, car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry 1. Traction elevators
passengers or freight between the levels of a multistory building.
2. Hydraulic elevators
Types of Elevators Used in Buildings
Elevators can be classified into various types based on their use 3. Machine-room-less
and working mechanism.
(MRL) elevators
Passenger elevators:
These are lifts provided in flats,
residences, hotels, etc., for the
transportation of passengers.
Service elevators:
These are lifts used to carry goods
along with people.
Goods elevators:
These elevators are primarily used to
transport goods, along with lift
attendants, and persons for helping
with the loading and unloading of
the goods.
BASED ON WORKING MECHANISM
Traction Elevators
• Traction elevators are lifted using ropes that pass over a
wheel connected to an electric motor.
• Uses less energy
• Serve mid to high-rise buildings
• Ride smoother

Traction elevators are of two types:

Geared Traction Elevator:
• In this type, the wheel is driven by having a gearbox
attached to the motor. These elevators achieve a travel
speed of up to 500 feet per minute.
• The maximum travel distance offered by geared traction
lifts is 250 feet.
Gearless Traction Elevator:
• In this type, the wheel is directly attached to the motor.
It offers a speed of up to 2000 feet per minute and has a
maximum travel distance of around 2000 feet.
• It is the top choice for high-rise buildings.

Gearless Traction Elevator

HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR MACHINE ROOM LESS ELEVATOR
Hydraulic elevators employ a piston at the MRL elevators can be traction or hydraulic
bottom of the elevator to push it to elevators that do not require a dedicated
different levels. machine room above the elevated shaft.
Hydraulic elevators are used for low-rise
applications (2-8 stories).
It can travel at a maximum speed of 200
feet per minute.

ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT

ARRANGEMENT PATTERN & SPATIAL EFFECT OF
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
ARRANGEMENT PATTERN & SPATIAL EFFECT OF
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
TYPES OF ELEVATORS USED IN HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
Passenger elevators – Designed to carry people between
building floors. Their capacity is determined by the need of
the specific building and it can vary between 5 and 25
people.

Express elevators – They do not service all floors, but

instead only selected parts of the building. Most notably
they move passengers from the building lobby to the top
floor/sky lobby. A high-speed elevator that only serves a
select number of floors.

Elevators for handicapped people – Specially designed

elevators that are used only for the people in wheelchairs.

Dumbwaiter – Small elevators that are used to transport

food and other kitchen materials between several building
levels.
DUMBWAITER ELEVATOR
Dumbwaiters are a reliable, time-saving, and practical way
of delivering items between the different levels of a home
or building. They function like small elevators for material
only (no people or pets). Dumbwaiters can be installed in
both commercial and residential buildings for the vertical
transportation of goods, such as groceries, luggage,
documents, and other items.
ESCALATORS PARALLEL ESCALATOR
• Escalators are mechanical devices used for Parallel escalator is one of the best types of the escalator
transporting people vertically between different levels which has high demand in the market. This type of escalator
of buildings. Typically, they take the form of a moving is moving in the same direction all the time.
staircase. Parallel escalators are commonly used in places such as:
• Escalators are commonly used in buildings where the
movement of a large number of people is required, Mall
such as shopping centres, airports, transit systems, Metro station
exhibition halls, hotels, arenas, public buildings, and Public buildings
so on.
SPEED
• The speed of escalators is constant and is generally
around 0.3-0.6 m (1-2 ft) per second.
• This translates to around 27-55 m (90-180 ft) per
minute.

TYPES OF ESCALATORS
1. PARALLEL
2. CRISSCROSS
3. MULTI PARALLEL
4. CURVED ESCALTORS
Escalators are used to connect floors with an angle
of rise between 30°-35°.
The escalator must also provide space for a lower
zone of mechanical equipment.
For the safety of users, escalators must incorporate
3’ (.91 m) handrails and preserve a minimum
vertical headroom. clearance of 7’6” (2.29 m).
TYPES OF ESCALATORS
1. SINGLE CONTINUOUS
2. SINGLE DISCONTINUOUS
3. SINGLE CROSSING
4. PAIRED CONTINOUS
5. PAIRED DISCONTINOUS
SINGLE CONTINUOUS SINGLE DISCONTINUOUS SINGLE CROSSING

PAIRED CONTINOUS PAIRED DISCONTINOUS