MOISTURIZIN

G LOTION
 DEFINITION
Moisturizers or emollients are
complex mixtures of chemical
agents specially designed to
make the external layers of the
skin softer and more liable.
• They increase the skin's hydration
(water content) by reducing evaporation.
Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as
well as artificial or natural oils, humictants,
emollients, lubricants, etc., may be part of the
composition of commercial skin moisturizers.

• They usually are available as commercial

products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, but
can also be made at home using
common pharmacy ingredients.
Benefits Of Moisturizing
Lotion
• These available homemade non greasy
lotions are best for moisturizing skin on
daily basis as almond or grape seed oil are
readily absorbed by the skin, without letting
it feel oily.
• They help in keeping the skin soft and
supple.
• Lotions made using aloe vera gel are not alone
perfect for winter months, but can continue
moisturizing the skin through summer season as
well without being greasy.
• Moreover, these nourishing lotions are free from
any chemicals and purely healthy for the skin.
• One would love applying it over skin again and
again, without having any fear of damaging the
skin.
• It comes at a fractional cost compared to
commercially available chemically treated
moisturizing lotions
 TYPES OF SKINS
• Normal Skin
• Dry Skin
• Oily skin
• Aging Skin
• Sensitive Skin
PRESERVATIVE
METHODS
Normal skin
• Moisturizers can be used to prevent the skin
from becoming too dry or oily, such as with
light, non-greasy water-based moisturizers.
Such moisturizers often contain lightweight
oils, such as cetyl alcohol, or silicone-derived
ingredients
• Eg- cyclomethicone.
Dry skin
• For treating skin dryness, the most appropriate
moisturizers are heavier, oil-based
moisturizers that contain ingredients such
as antioxidants, grape seed
oil or dimethicone. For very dry, cracked
skin, petrolatum-based products are
preferable, as they are more lasting than
creams and are more effective in preventing
water evaporation.
Oily skin
• For oily skin, moisturizers can still be useful after
activities causing skin dryness, such as other skin care
products and washing.[1] For oily skin, water-based
moisturizers that are specifically non-comedogenic are
preferable, as there is less risk of comedo formation.
Aging skin
• Appropriate moisturizers to keep aging skin soft and
well hydrated are oil-based ones that
contain petrolatum as the base, along
with antioxidants or alpha hydrox
acids against wrinkles.
Sensitive skin
On sensitive skin (which otherwise is
susceptible to skin irritations, redness, itching
or rashes), it is preferable to use moisturizers
which contain soothing ingredients such
as chamomile or aloe, and that minimize
potential allergens such as fragrances or dyes,
as well as irritants such as acids.
FORMULATON
S
 ALOEVERA AND ALMOND
OIL LOTION
almond oil ½ cup
Beeswax ¾ ounce
aloe vera gel 1 cup
essential oils (lime) 10 drops
vitamin E oil 1 tsp
 ALOEVERA AND ALMOND
OIL LOTION
• Use a double boiler to melt half a cup of almond
oil or grape seed oil and ¾ ounce of beeswax
(shredded into small pieces).
• Now mix 1 cup of aloe vera gel, 10 drops of any
essential oils (like geranium and lime) and 1
teaspoon of vitamin E oil in a medium sized
bowl.
• Pour the melted oils into blender, allowing them
to cool down and to avoid oil separation.
• After oils get cooled, blend them on low speed,
while pouring aloe vera mixture slowly into it
in a continuous fashion.
• Run the rubber spatula to mix all ingredients
properly and blend till mixture attains a feel
and look of a lotion.
• Alternatively, this mixing and blending step
can be performed in a mixing bowl, using a
handheld electric mixer.
• Pour the prepared non greasy lotion in
sterilized jars and store them in refrigerator,
which can then stay fine for period of 6 weeks.
 OATMEAL
LOTION
Ground oatmeal ½ Cup
Water 5tb. Sp.
 OAT MEAL LOTION
• Use ground oatmeal and grind it properly in a
food processor.
• Just by mixing it with minimal amount of
water will give it a slippery touch that can
then be used directly as an effective lotion.
• It not alone moisturizes the face, but also
serves as a good exfoliating agent (removes
the dead skin cells) when scrubbed gently
over the skin surface.
• This non greasy lotion is equally useful as
primer, for putting make up every morning
and also for removing stubborn eye makeup
at end of the day.
• Just put a little amount of the lotion on to
the cotton ball and clean off the face.
• The same oatmeal lotion can serve more
beneficial, if coconut and grapefruit
essential oil are also added to it.
• Coconut oil aids in fighting off bacterial
infection of the skin and grapefruit
essential oil improves the skin clarity.
• Additionally, it adds on to the fragrance
and still remains non greasy and light
weight lotion, safe and healthy for daily
usage without making hands buttery or
greasy.
The effluence of structure of moisturizing lotion (texture
parameter) on its use properties, and control of its
physical properties

• 1. Factors influencing the lotion physical

parameter
• 2. The effects on the behavior of lotion
during lotion processing
 Table 1. Texture profile
Primary Secondary Popular terms
parameter parameter
Mechanical hardness Soft→firm→hard
characteristics
Cohesiveness Crumbly→crunchy→brittle

viscosity Thin→viscous

elasticity Plastic→elastic

adhesiveness Sticky→tacky→gooey

Geometrical Particle size and shape Gritty, grainy, coarse, etc.

characteristics Particle shape and orientation Fibrous, cellular, crystalline, etc.

Other Moisture Dry→moist→wet→watery

characteristics content
Fat content Oiliness oily
greasiness greasy
 Table 2. texture profile parameter used in
the skin care product evaluation
Stage of Skin care product attribute and Texture profile
evaluation definite parameter

PICK-UP, product THICKNESS-perceived Viscosity for lotions

removed from denseness of product. Evaluated
container, product as force required to squeeze
poured or between thumb and forefinger.
squeezed from Rated as thin-medium-thick.
bottle onto Or:
fingertips, or CONSISTENCY-perceived
product lifted structure of product. Evaluated as
from jar with resistance to deformation and
forefinger difficulty of lifting from
container. Rated as light-
medium heavy.
RUB-OUT SPREADABILITY-ease of moving Viscosity, cohesiveness,
(application), product from point of application springiness, gumminess,
spread of product over rest of face. Evaluated as adhesiveness
over and into skin resistance to pressure. Rated or Other characteristics –(oil
with fingertips described as: and water content of
using gentle ‘slips’-very easy to spread product)
circular motion at a ‘glides’-moderated easy
rate of two rub per ‘drag’-difficult to spread
second for a
specified period of ABSORBENCY-Rate at which
time, depending on product is perceived to be absorbed
the product. into skin. Evaluated by noting
changes in character of product and
in amount of product remaining
(tactile and visual) and by changes
in skin surface. Rated slow-
moderate-fast.
AFTER-FEEL AFTER-FEEL – Type and Other characteristics-
(and appearance), intensity of product residue left on (oil and water content)
evaluation of skin skin; changes in skin feel/ Product
surface with residue is described by type, i.e. Geometrical
fingertips, visually film(oily or greasy), coating(waxy characteristics-(gritty,
and kinesthetically or dry), flaky or powdery powdery, etc.)
immediately after particles; the amount of such
product residue is identified as slight-
application and moderate-large.
possible at varying Skin feel is described as dry (taut,
intervals pulled, tight); moist (supple,
thereafter. pliant), oily(dirty, clogged).
Other sensations are also noted
and identified where applicable,
i.e. clean, stimulated, irritated, etc.
 1. Factors influencing the lotion
physical parameter
• (1). THE EMULSIFIER The emulsifier frequently is
the most important role in the emulsion in producing the
characteristic flow properties. In dilute emulsions this is
more evident because when the concentration of emulsifier
is varied, the effects of change in particle size and particle
size distribution of the disperse phase on the viscosity of
the emulsion are not as big as the change in the viscosity
of the continuous phase brought about by the emulsifier.
Mixed emulsifiers can provide desirable flow properties
(used to thicken lotion, see also table 2) and to reduce
cream of lotion.
 (2) THE DISPERSE PHASE
• There are many parameters related to the disperse phase or
internal phase that exert rheological changes in emulsions,
including: nature of the oil; viscosity of the oil; particle
size; particle size distribution; and particle shape. Particle
size and particle size distribution also depend on the
emulsifier concentration.
• The nature of the oil in O/W emulsion exerts its effect on
the emulsion via its interaction with the emulsifier. The
viscosity of the aqueous medium and the particle size
distribution are related to differences in the state of
aggregation of the globules.
 (2) THE DISPERSE PHASE

• The mean particle size and particle size

distribution can exert profound effects on the
rheological parameters of an emulsion. The
viscosity of dilute O/W emulsions are influenced
by mean particle size variation of 3 to0.7 microns,
but in concentrated emulsions the product of
relative viscosity and mean particle size did not
change if the distribution of particle size about the
mean value was not very wide.
 (3) THE CONTINUOUS PHASE

• The rheological behavior of a lotion is most often

determined by the rheology of the continuous
phase. The rheological behavior of the continuous
phase of O/W emulsions is frequently controlled
by the use of hydrocolloids, which have been
already been discussed. The rheological behavior
properties of the emulsion, in turn, are dependent
on the stability of the hydrocolloidal system
 (4) PHASE VOLUME RATIO

• The rheological patterns of dilute emulsions are often

markedly different than those for concentrated emulsions.
Therefore, it is useful to have information concerning the
viscosity dependence on the phase volume ratio in both
areas. Generally, it has been found that the rheological
parameters of an emulsion increase with crease in the
phase volume ratio. It is expected that the limit of φ before
inversion occurs will vary depending on the characteristics
of the system and, in particular, the nature of the
emulsifying agent and its solubility in the continuous
phase of the emulsion
2. The effects on the behavior of lotion
during lotion processing

• (1) Mixing
• (2) Heating and cooling
• (3) Shearing
• (4) Homogenizing
 (1) Mixing

• Mixing is a basic step to the compounding and

processing of lotion in the cosmetic industry.
Mixing is necessary to blend a water phase and oil
phase into an emulsion, but consider the potential
effect of the degree of mixing on the product
viscosity. First of all, a minimum of energy must be
used to evenly mix the two phases and other
additives. A high amount of mixing energy,
however, can decrease the particle size of the
dispersed phase and hence affecting the emulsion
viscosity.
• In case of heat transfer, viscous lotions are usually
handled with a contrarotating agitator.
• Mixing is so basic to the formation of the lotion
and can have such an important effect on product
rheology that the smart formulator will learn to
work with it in achieving the desired end
properties instead of fighting against it in a
dogmatic scaleup from benchtop to plant.
Cosmetic lotion may be shear sensitive to some
degree and mixing can be used as a tool in
achieving the desired product viscosity by
properly manipulating the mixing variables.
 (2) Heating and cooling

• Heating is generally less of a problem in cosmetic

processing because the product or phase is usually
fluid at elevated temperatures (viscosity being
inversely proportional to temperature for
emulsions commonly encountered in the cosmetic
industry). The rate of heating is not usually
considered an important parameter, assuming that
the desired end point is not overshot.
• Cooling is more commonly a problem with
cosmetic emulsion because it generally increases
product viscosity greatly.
• In summary, a lotion is usually heated after it has
been formed to reduce its viscosity for filling.
Cooling has a more important relationship to final
product viscosity because of its effect on
crystallite size and dispersion, and because of the
interrelationship of work input and product
viscosity.
 (3) Shearing
• Many lotions are shear-thining. In a typical
operation, a finished lotion is cooled to room
temperature in a compounding vessel, and then
pumped through a filter to a storage tank where it
is held for filling. The viscosity of lotion will have
been reduced by this step. Then the product may
be pumped to the filling line. The product usually
has a chance to build a network of bonds. A
portion of these bonds, if broken, are sometimes
permanently destroyed
 (4) Homogenizing

• Homogenization, or the reduction of

particles to a small and uniform size and
their even distribution in a medium, is
related to shearing in that frequently
used to create the particle breakdown.
• The cosmetic industry usually resorts to
homogenization for dispersing solids
and insoluble liquids in a liquid phase
and reducing the dispersed particles to a
minimum size.
• The reasons for doing this are numerous and include
the desire to increase stability by minimizing globule
size and hence decrease the chances of coalescence, to
reduce particle size of the disperse phase so as to
inhibit settling, and to increase viscosity by forming a
finer emulsion.

• If while the emulsion is hot and both phases still liquid,

homogenization will tend to reduce the disperse phase
to a minimum size distribution which will impart
certain properties (such as increased stability) to the
final product when it is cooled down and packaged.
• If the product is homogenized after some
cooling has taken place and viscosity has
already started to build, however, the
viscosity of the finished product may be
permanently reduced.
• Timing and process step must be considered
in developing a process to make a product
with the desired end properties.
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