CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
 OUTLINES

1.Introduction
2.Elements of Mechatronics
3.Key Elements of mechatronics system
4.Mechatronics applications
 1. Introduction

• Mechatronic system is multidisciplinary, embodying four fundamental disciplines: electrical,

mechanical, computer science, and information technology.

• Interdisciplinary: It draws knowledge from multiple engineering disciplines, including

electrical, mechanical, and sometimes computer science.

• It involves application of electrical, mechanical, control and computer engineering to develop

products, processes and systems with greater flexibility, ease in redesign and ability of
reprogramming.

• It can be a specialization or concentration within a broader engineering program.

• It concurrently includes all these disciplines.

 2. Elements of Mechatronics

(i) Actuators and sensors

(ii) Signals and conditioning
(iii) Digital logic Systems
(iv) Software and data acquisition systems
(v) Computers and display devices.
 I. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

• Sensors and actuators mostly come under mechanical systems.

• The actuators produce motion or cause some action.

• The sensors detect the state of the system parameters, inputs, and outputs.

• The various actuators used in the mechatronic system are pneumatic and hydraulic actuators,
electro-mechanical actuators, electrical motors such as DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors,
servomotors, and piezoelectric actuators.

• The various types of sensors used in the mechatronic system are position sensors, acceleration
sensors, force sensors, flow sensors, temperature sensors, proximity sensors, light sensors.
 II. SIGNALS AND CONDITIONING

• The mechatronic systems deal with two types of signals and conditioning such as – input and
output.
• The input devices receive input signals from the mechatronic systems via interfacing devices and
sensors.

• Then it is sent to the control circuits for conditioning or processing.

 Signal conditioning refers to the process of manipulating an analog signal in a way that prepares it
for further processing.
 It plays a crucial role in various fields, particularly in data acquisition and control systems.

 Raw signals collected from sensors often aren't suitable for direct processing due to weak signals,
noise, incompatible format.
Conti………

 The various input signal conditioning devices used in the mechatronic system are discrete
circuits, amplifiers, Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters, Digital-to-Digital (DZD)
convertors.
 The output signals from the system are sent to output/display devices through interfacing
devices.
 The various output signal conditioning devices used in the mechatronic system are Digital-
to-Analog (D/A) converters, Display Decoders (DD) converters, amplifiers, power
transistors, and power op-amps.
 III. DIGITAL LOGIC SYSTEMS

• Digital logic systems are the foundation of modern electronics.

• Digital logic devices control overall system operation.

• Logic gates: The basic building blocks of digital circuits, performing simple operations like
AND, OR, NOT, and XOR on input bits.

• The various digital logic systems used in the mechatronic system are logic circuits,
microcontrollers, programmable logic controllers, sequencing and timing controls, and
control algorithms.
 IV. SOFTWARE AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
• A software and data acquisition system (DAQ system) is a powerful combination that plays a
crucial role in various fields, allowing you to capture, analyze, and manage data from the real
world.

• The data acquisition system acquires the output signals from sensors in the form of voltage,
frequency, resistance etc.

• and it is inputted into the microprocessor or computer.

• Software is used to control the acquisition of data through DAC board.

• The data acquisition system consists of a multiplexer, amplifier, register, and control circuitry.,
and DAC board.

• The various data acquisition systems used in the mechatronic system is data loggers, computer
with plug-in boards, etc.
 V. COMPUTERS AND DISPLAY DEVICES

• Computers are used to store a large number of data and process further through
software.

• Display devices are used to give visual feedback to the user.

• The various display devices used in the mechatronic system are LEDs, CRT,
LCD, digital displays, etc.
3. KEY ELEMENTS OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM
 INFORMATION SYSTEMS

• Information systems include all aspects for information exchange of Signal

processing, control systems, and analysis techniques

• Modelling is the process of representing the behaviour of a real system by a

collection of mathematical equations and logic.
 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

• are concerned with the behaviour of matter under the action of forces.

• Newtonian mechanics provides the basis for most mechanical systems and
consists of three independent and absolute concepts: Space, Time, and Mass.

• Force, is also present but is not independent of the other three

 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

• Electrical systems are concerned with the behaviour of three fundamental quantities:

Charge,
 Current
 voltage
 SENSOR

• Sensors are required to monitor the performance of machines and Processes some common
variables in mechatronic systems such as

Temperature sensor
Position sensor
Force sensor
Torque, and acceleration sensors

 Intelligent sensors are available that not only sense information but process it well
CONTI………

• Progress in semiconductor manufacturing technology has made it possible to integrate

sensor and the signal processing on one chip

• Sensors are able to ascertain conditions instantaneously and accurately

• These sensors facilitate operations normally performed by the control algorithm, which
include automatic noise filtering, linearization sensitivity, and self calibration.
 ACTUATORS

• Actuation involves a physical action on a machine or process.

• They can transform electrical inputs into mechanical outputs such as force, angle, and position

• Actuators can be classified into three general groups.

1. Electromagnetic actuators, (e.g., AC and DC electrical motors, stepper motors, electromagnets)

2. Fluid power actuators, (e.g., hydraulics, pneumatics)

3. Unconventional actuators (e.g., piezoelectric, magneto strictive, memory metal)

 REAL-TIME INTERFACING

• Real-time interface provides data acquisition and control functions for the computer.

• Reconstruct a sensor waveform as a digital sequence and make it available to the computer software
for processing.

• Real-time interfacing includes:

A/D and D/A conversions

 Analogue signal conditioning circuits
Sampling theory
4. APPLICATION MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

Example 1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3