The Nature of Statistics

Statistics is a science that

deals with the methods of
collecting, organizing, and
summarizing data in such a
way that valid conclusions
can be drawn from them.
Medicine
-statistics is used in medical research,
providing health care professionals, with
knew knowledge and technology for better
diagnosis, treatment, and the prevention of
certain diseases.
Education
-the performance rating of students in
national examinations are monitored for
the improvement of quality education.
Enrollment rates are also used in
developing programs that can reach to out-
of-school children.
Finance
-statistical methods are used to track trends
in financial measures over a certain period
of time.
Business
-statistics is used to test consumer’s
preferences and to discover what is it about a
product that gives it its appeal.it can also be
used in planning marketing and advertising
strategies and in making changes in a
product’s quality to increase sales.
Actuarial Science and Insurance
-Probability tables dealing with deaths,
accidents, illnesses, fires, and industrial
losses, as well as natural disasters, are
determined and used as tools in the
computation of premiums.
Sports
-Numerical measures about the performance
of individual players and teams can be
calculated using statistical formulas.
Politics
-statistics is used to obtain information about
voters’ attitudes towards certain issues and
candidates.
Government
-Several statistical data are collected to help
in policy making process.
 Two Areas of Statistics

It consists of methods concerned with

collecting, organizing, summarizing, and
presenting set of data so as to yield a
meaningful information.
 Two Areas of Statistics

It comprises methods concerned with making

predictions, or inferences about an entire
population based on the information provided
by a given sample.
Two Kinds of Variables
QUANTITAVE Number of correct answers in an examinations

QUANTITAVE Weight of malnourished children in a certain barangay

QUALITATIVE Course to take up in college

QUALITATIVE Cellphone number
QUALITATIVE Name of school
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITAVE

QUANTITAVE

QUALITATIVE

QUANTITAVE

QUALITATIVE
CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE
DISCRETE
NOMINAL

ORDINAL
DISCRETE

ORDINAL

DISCRETE
NOMINAL Profession by parents in volved in the Parents
Teachers Council

ORDINAL Military Ranking

Classify the following random
variables as DISCRETE or
CONTINUOUS.

ANSWER
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DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Length of a cellphone charger

CONTINUOUS
10
1
2
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4
5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Number of gadgets in a household.

DISCRETE
10
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Count of words encoded per minute

DISCRETE
10
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2
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5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Amount of water consumed per
day.

CONTINUOUS
10
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Sum of burgers sold per day.

DISCRETE
10
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2
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5
6
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8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Amount of time needed to boil a
liquid.

CONTINUOUS
10
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Number of channels in a cable TV.

DISCRETE
10
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2
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6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Daily count of visitors in a mall.

DISCRETE
10
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2
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5
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7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Distance between two barangays.

CONTINUOUS
10
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2
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5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Total area of a rice field.

CONTINUOUS
10
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8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Growth of child per year.

CONTINUOUS
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8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Temperature needed to bake a
bread.

CONTINUOUS
10
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2
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5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Number of babies born per day.

DISCRETE
10
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2
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5
6
7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Daily death due to COVID 19.

DISCRETE
10
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8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Number of mistakes in a test.

DISCRETE
10
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2
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5
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7
8
9

DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
Determine whether each variable is QUALITATIVE or
QUANTITATIVE. If it is quantitative determine whether it is
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

1. Number of books read in a month.

2. Brand of cellphone used
3. Amount of time spent surfing the internet per day
4. Favorite movie
5. Type of sandwiches sold in the canteen
Determine whether each variable is QUALITATIVE or
QUANTITATIVE. If it is quantitative determine whether it is
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.
6. Name of internet provider
7. Number of absences incurred in a month
8. Average daily temperature in Alicia
9. Priority list of desired courses in college
10. Length in minutes of cellphone calls in a month
Primary Data- is also called raw data which is
collected first hand by the researchers . It is
obtained or collected through observing,
experimenting, or conducting census or surveys.

Secondary Data- are data obtained from those

already published by the government, industries,
or individual sources..
TYPES OF SAMPLING
 Probability Sampling Techniques
It is a sampling technique wherein each member or element of the
population has an equal chance of being selected as members of the
sample.

 Simple Random Sampling

Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of

the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being
selected.
• Systematic Sampling
Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the
sampling frame. The intervals are chosen to ensure an
adequate sample size. If you need a sample size n from a
population of size x, you should select every x/nth
individual for the sample.
Systematic Sampling
Example: sample size is 150 and the
population is 1500, then take every 15 th

name on the list until you complete the total

number of respondents to constitute your
sample.
Stratified Sampling

In this method, the population is first divided

into subgroups (or strata) who all share a
similar characteristic. It is used when we might
reasonably expect the measurement of
interest to vary between the different
subgroups, and we want to ensure
representation from all the subgroups.
Population- Students of PRHS

4p’s recipient

Junior High

Senior High
Identify the probability sampling technique used
in each of the following situations:
The pilot testing for the modular distance learning will be
conducted. Students will be classified according to grade level
and 25 students will be selected from each grade level to
participate in the pilot testing.

stratified
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A teacher wants to choose 5 students from her 45 students.
She will select every 6th student from her list.

systematic
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5
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7
8
9
A Principal wants to select 5 teachers to attend a 2-hour
webinar on google classroom. To avoid bias in selecting
teachers, she will assign numbers to all teachers based on their
alphabetical list. She will make use of the random number table
to choose the 5 teachers.

Simple10
1random
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All senior citizens who belong to the 5 chosen
barangays will join in the Rapid testing for
Covid-19.

cluster
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To select his representatives for the Youth Conference
at Baguio City, the teacher listed all the names of his
students in a small piece of paper which are rolled and
then mixed together and pick out 10 rolled papers at
random.
Simple10
1random
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3
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5
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7
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9
In a survey, the samples were randomly taken from
subsequent cities, then municipalities or barangays,
and then households.

cluster
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A researcher wish to draw a sample of 200 persons from a population of
600. He selects every 5th person in the list and numbers 1 to 10 will be
randomly selected to act as a starting point.

systematic
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Suppose a community consists of 250 families
belonging to different income brackets. We will select
samples from families coming from each of the three
income brackets, high-income; average-income; and
low-income
stratified
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Mr. Cruz, the municipal mayor wants to know whether his
constituents are in favor or not of the Federal form of government to
be implemented in the Philippines. He wants to select a sample of 400
from the different groups of his constituents, from the youths, adults,
and from the senior citizens.

stratified
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Stratified sampling formula
Sample size =number of strata(subgroups) divided by total population times number of
sample size
Example:
A study will need a sample 0f 80 students. There are 4 sections (ABCD) with 40 grade 11
students per class
Total students is 4 * 40 = 160 Section # of students per section # of samples
A 40 20
Sample = 80
B 40 20
Sample size per section=(40/160) * 80 = 20 C 40 20
D 40 20
Total 160 80
Example:
A study will need a sample 0f 90 students. There are 5 sections (ABCDE) with the
following number of students per class, A -50, B-45, C- 41, D-42, E 44
Total students is 50+45+41+42+44
Sample = 90
Sample size per section = (50/222) * 90 = 20.27
Section # of students per section # of samples
A 50 20
B 45 18
C 41 17
D 42 17
E 44 18
Total 222 90
Identify Me. Identify the probability sampling technique used in
each of the following situations:
Use: SI for Simple Random SY for Systematic ST for Stratified
CL for Cluster Sampling
1. The pilot testing for the modular distance learning will be
conducted. Students will be classified according to grade level
and 25 students will be selected from each grade level to
participate in the pilot testing.
2. A teacher wants to choose 5 students from her 45 students. She
will select every 6th student from her list.
3. A Principal wants to select 5 teachers to attend a 2-hour
webinar on google classroom. To avoid bias in selecting
teachers, she will assign numbers to all teachers based on their
alphabetical list. She will make use of the random number table
to choose the 5 teachers.
4. All senior citizens who belong to the 5 chosen barangays will
join in the Rapid testing for Covid-19.
5. Suppose a community consists of 250 families belonging
to different income brackets. We will select samples from
families coming from each of the three income brackets,
high-income; average-income; and low-income.
6. Mr. Cruz, the municipal mayor wants to know whether
his constituents are in favor or not of the Federal form of
government to be implemented in the Philippines. He
wants to select a sample of 400 from the different groups of
his constituents, from the youths, adults, and from the
senior citizens.
7. To select his representatives for the Youth Conference at
Baguio City, the teacher listed all the names of his students in a
small piece of paper which are rolled and then mixed together
and pick out 10 rolled papers at random.
8. A researcher wishes to draw a sample of 200 persons from a
population of 600. He selects every 5th person in the list and
numbers 1 to 10 will be randomly selected to act as a starting
point.
9. In a survey, the samples were randomly taken from
subsequent cities, then municipalities or barangays, and then
households.
10. To choose the sample respondents for a national survey,
the researcher used the lottery method in identifying the
regions or cities to be chosen.
11. A survey will be conducted to 25 randomly selected
students from a Grade 11 class to determine their most
preferred learning modality for SY 2020-2021.
12. In a class, every 5th student will be chosen to participate
in the webinar on, “The Effect of Covid-19 to Philippine
Education”.
13. In a school, every 3rd teacher will be selected to
participate in the Rapid Test for Covid-19.
14. In a municipality with 30 barangays, five barangays will be
randomly selected and all students from the 5 barangays will be
interviewed regarding the impact of Covid-19 to them as
students.
15. Twenty teachers from a certain school will be selected using
the lottery method to be the respondents of a study on the
“Readiness of Teachers in the New Normal”.
16. Students are categorized into grade levels and sections.
Fifteen representatives from each grade level and section will be
chosen to participate on a survey on the gadgets they have at
home.
17. Mrs. Cruz, a Class Adviser of Grade 11 randomly selects 25 out of her
50 students to participate on a survey on the internet access of students at
home.
18. All students belonging to the 8 randomly selected sections will
participate in the survey on the readiness of students for SY 2020-2021.
19. Teachers are grouped into age bracket and sex. Five representatives
from each age bracket and sex will be selected to participate on a survey on
the “Online Readiness and Capability of Teachers for SY 2020-2021.
20. The names of 100 televiewers are written on slips of papers. The slips
of papers are placed inside a box, and twenty names are picked from the
box to receive a cash price