Apex Institute of Technology

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING– (20CST-481)
Prepared By: MR. Aadi Partap Singh (E15043)

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
04/10/2024 1
 DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Course Objective:
During the course, students will be able :

CO
Title Level
Number Will be covered in
To Understand the fundamental of digital Understand this lecture
CO1 image processing with python.
To acquire the knowledge to apply various
CO2 Understand
image processing techniques and tools.
To learn the practical applications of
CO3 image processing steps to real world Understand
problem.

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing

04/10/2024
summary 2
 DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Course Outcome:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

CO
Title Level
Number
Will be covered in
Understand this lecture
CO1 Fundaments and techniques implemented in
digital image processing technologies

Understanding the various filters applications,

Understand
CO2 smoothing applications and techniques by
image processing implementation by python
Acquiring knowledge on various compression
CO3 and segmentation techniques, for image Understand
enhancement methods.

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing

04/10/2024
summary 3
Recap of previous session
In previous session we tried understanding the below concept :
Pixels relationship
Neighbourhood activity

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 Welcome to the session of
Unit-1: Fundamentals of Image processing

Lecture:1.8
This the summer session of what we have learnt in the entire chapter 1 of
this unit with some applications and research areas to work on.
Agenda
Chapter:1 __Lecture: 8

Fundamentals

Applications,

Scope of research,

Activity,

Good to know information about eye.

Link:
[Link]
d7518d6bb23c

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing

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summary
 Image Representation in Computer

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An example of Image representation in the computer

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 Formation of a Digital Image

Object Digital Camera Captured Digital Image

Example of digital image formation process

 Introduction
Digital Image is a two-dimensional function
f ( x, y ) x and y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y)

Digital Image Processing

Process digital images by means of computer, it covers low-, mid-, and
high-level processes
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images
high-level: an ensemble of recognition of individual objects

Pixel
9
04/10/2024
The elements of a digital image
Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary
 Image Acquisition Process

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 A Simple Image Formation Model
f ( x, y )  i ( x, y )r ( x, y )

f ( x, y ) : intensity at the point (x, y)

i ( x, y ) : illumination at the point (x, y )
(the amount of source illumination incident on the scene)
r ( x, y ) : reflectance/transmissivity at the point (x, y )
(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
where 0 < i ( x, y ) <  and 0 < r ( x, y ) < 1
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 11
 Some Typical Ranges of Reflectance
Reflectance

• 0.01 for black velvet

• 0.65 for stainless steel
• 0.80 for flat-white wall paint
• 0.90 for silver-plated metal
• 0.93 for snow

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 12

 Image Sampling and Quantization

Digitizing
the
coordinate
values Digitizing
the
amplitude
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary
values 13
 Image Sampling and Quantization

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04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 15
 Representing Digital Images
• The representation of an M×N numerical array as

 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N  1) 

 f (1, 0) f (1,1) ... f (1, N  1) 
f ( x, y )  
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f ( M  1, 0) f ( M  1,1) ... f ( M  1, N  1) 

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 Representing Digital Images
• Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2 k

• The number b of bits required to store a M × N digitized

image

b=M×N×k

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 17

 Image Processing
• An image processing operation typically defines a new image g in terms of an
existing image f.
• We can transform either the range of f.

• Or the domain of f:

• What kinds of operations can each perform?

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 18

 Types of Processing in Digital Images

The continuum from the computer vision system is break three processes as:

 Primiary Level Processes (Low)

Primiary level Processing consists of basic functions on the images like noise removal

 Intermediate Level Processes (Medium)

Intermediate level processing consists of processes like segmentation and recognition

 Advanced Level Processes (High)

Advanced level processing consists of high level functions like encription, detailing etc

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 19

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (cont…)
•The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be
broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation

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 Applications areas
&
Research Topics

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 Document Handling

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Signature Verification

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Biometrics

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Fingerprint Verification / Identification

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Fingerprint Identification Research at UNR
Minutiae Matching

Delaunay Triangulation

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Object Recognition

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Object Recognition Research

reference view 1 reference view 2

novel view recognized

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Indexing into Databases

• Shape content

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 Indexing into Databases (cont’d)
• Color, texture

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Target Recognition

• Department of Defense (Army, Airforce, Navy)

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Interpretation of Aerial Photography

Interpretation of aerial photography is a problem domain in both

computer vision and registration.

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Autonomous Vehicles

• Land, Underwater, Space

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Traffic Monitoring

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Face Recognition

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Human Activity Recognition

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Medical Applications

• skin cancer breast cancer

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Morphing

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Inserting Artificial Objects into a Scene

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Companies In this Field In India
• Sarnoff Corporation
• Kritikal Solutions
• National Instruments
• GE Laboratories
• Ittiam
• Google
• Interra Systems
• Yahoo India (Multimedia Searching)
• nVidia Graphics, Pune (have high requirements)
• Microsoft research
• DRDO labs
• ISRO labs

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 40

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 41
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 42
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 43
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 45
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Segmentation
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 46
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 47
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 48
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.8_Fundamentals of Image processing summary 49
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
Colour Image Image & Description
Processing Compression
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 Components of Digital Image Processing

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 Elements of Visual Perception

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 Relative Importance of each Sense

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 The human visual Syate

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 Structure of Human Eye

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 Structure of the Human Eye
• The eye is nearly spherical in form with an average diameter of
approximately 20 mm.
• It is enclosed by three membranes; the cornea and sclera outer
cover, the choroid and the retina.
• The cornea is a tough, transparent tissue that covers the anterior
or front surface of the eye.
• The sclera and cornea all together is a single part. It is the opaque
membrane that encloses the remainder of the eye.
• Retina is the innermost membrane of the eye. When the eye is properly
focused, light from an object outside the eye is imaged on the retina.

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 Retina
• There are various light receptors over the surface of the retina.

• The two major classes of the receptors are- Cones and Rods

• The absent of reciprocators is called blind spot

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Cones:
• Thesr are about 6 to 7 million in number.
• These are located in the central portion of the retina called the fovea.
• These are highly sensitive to color. Cone vision is called photopic or
bright light vision

Rods:
• These are very much in number from 75 to 150 million and are
distributed over the entire retinal surface.
• They are not involved in the color vision and are sensitive to low level
of illumination.
• Rod vision is called is scotopic or dim light vision.

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 Elements of visual perception
• The complex physical process of visualizing something
involves the nearly simultaneous interaction of the eyes
and the brain through a network of neurons, receptors, and
other specialized cells.
• The human eye is equipped with a variety of optical
elements including the cornea, iris, pupil, a variable-focus
lens, and the retina.
• Together, these elements work to form images of the
objects in a person's field of view .

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 The Human Eye

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Basic Relationships Between Pixels

• Neighborhood

• Adjacency

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Basic Relationships Between Pixels

• Neighbors of a pixel p at coordinates (x,y)

 4-neighbors of p, denoted by N4(p):

(x-1, y), (x+1, y), (x,y-1), and (x, y+1).

 4 diagonal neighbors of p, denoted by ND(p):

(x-1, y-1), (x+1, y+1), (x+1,y-1), and (x-1, y+1).

 8 neighbors of p, denoted N8(p)

N8(p) = N4(p) U ND(p)
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Basic Relationships Between Pixels
• Adjacency
Let V be the set of intensity values

4-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are 4-

adjacent if q is in the set N4(p).

8-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are 8-

adjacent if q is in the set N8(p).

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Basic Relationships Between Pixels
• Adjacency
Let V be the set of intensity values

m-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are m-

adjacent if

(i) q is in the set N4(p), or

(ii) q is in the set ND(p) and the set N4(p) ∩ N4(q) has no pixels whose values are
from V.

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Summary
In todays session we tried understanding the below concept :
Need of Digital image processing
What is an Image?
What is digital image processing?
State of the art examples of digital image processing
What is pixel?
What is image resolution, and its importance
Colour space
Application
Good to know information

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References:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Bryant, R.E., Katz, R.H., Lazowska, E.D.: Big-Data Computing: Creating Revolutionary Breakthroughs in
Commerce, Science and Society
Sathi, A.: Implementation section (book 1). In: Big Data Analytics: Disruptive Technologies for Changing the
Game, 1st ed. MC Press Online (2012)
R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 Editi on”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2
nd

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 Assessment Pattern
[Link]. Item Number/semester Marks
1 MSTs 2 20 per each
2 Quiz 2 per unit 4 per each quiz
3 Time bound surprise test 3 (one per unit) 12 per each test

4 Assignments 3 (one per unit) 10 per each Assignment

Engagement task (non

5 One per each topic depends
gradable)
Attendance +
6 Above 90% 2
Engagement score
Internal (division as mentioned above points 1-6) 40

External 60

Total 100

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 THANK YOU

For queries
Email: aadi.e15043@[Link]

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