WELCOME

To
Presentation
On
FloodS
Presented
by
MAREDDY SHANMAI REDDY
Department of Chemical Engineering
Sri Venkateswara University
Mar-2024
 What is flood ?

Flood means an overflow of a large amount of

water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is
normally dry land. Flooding may occur as an overflow
of water from water bodies in which the water overtops
or breaks levees, such as a river, lake, or ocean,
accumulation of rainwater
 Types of floods

River Flood
Flash Flood
Rain-fed Flood
Tidal Flood
Urban Flood
Catastrophic Flood
Downstream Flood
 River flood
A flood occurs when a river or stream
overflows its banks. Seasonal floods
are the normal in many rivers, for
example when spring rains or snowmelt
increase the flow
 Flash flood
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas:
washes, rivers, dry lakes and depressions. It may be
caused by heavy rain associated with, a severe
thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or melt water
from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields
 Rain fed flood

During monsoon period, some areas are

inundated by heavy rain fall. Rain fed
flood interconnected with river flood
 Tidal Flood

Tidal flooding is capable of majorly inhibiting

natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying
areas when it reaches levels that are below visible
inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to
incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system.
 Urban flood

Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in

a built environment, particularly in more densely
populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the
capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers.
Urban flooding is a condition that is characterized by its
repetitive and systemic impacts on communities.
 Catastrophic Flood

Catastrophic riverine flooding can result from

major infrastructure failures, often the collapse of a dam.
It can also be caused by drainage channel modification
from a landslide, earthquake or volcanic eruption. Examples
include outburst floods and lahars. Tsunamis can cause
catastrophic coastal flooding, most commonly resulting
from undersea earthquakes.
 Downstream Flood

When a dam’s spillway releases water at a rate that

surpasses the capacity of downstream channels, it can
lead to flooding. Essentially, the spillway flow
overwhelms the natural river or stream channels,
causing water to inundate areas downstream.
 Causes of Floods
 Inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers to contain the high flows
brought down from the upper catchments due to heavy rainfall.

 Encroachment of floodplains

 Synchronization of floods in the tributaries and its main rivers.

 Some parts of the country, mainly coastal areas of Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal, experience cyclones, which are often
accompanied by heavy rainfall leading to flooding.

 Unplanned growth of urban areas

 Flooding is accentuated by erosion and silting of the river beds, resulting in

a reduction of the carrying capacity of river channels
 Impacts of Floods
 India is highly vulnerable to floods. Out of the
total geographical area of 329 million hectares
(mha), more than 40 mha is flood prone. Floods
are a recurrent phenomenon, which cause huge
loss of lives and damage to livelihood systems,
property, infrastructure and public utilities

 The average annual flood damage in the last 10

years period from 2014 to 2024 was Rs. 8745
crores as compared to Rs. 1805 crores, the
corresponding average for the previous 53 years.
This can be attributed to many reasons including
a steep increase in population, rapid
urbanization growing developmental and
economic activities in flood plains coupled with
global warming.
 Benefits of Floods
 Recharging ground water,

 Making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in

some soils.

 Flood waters provide much needed water resources

in arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation can
be very unevenly distributed throughout the year and
kills pests in the farming land.

 Freshwater floods particularly play an important role

in maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a
key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity.

Continue…
 Benefits of Floods
 Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and
rivers, which can lead to increased biomass
and improved fisheries for a few years.

 For some fish species, an inundated

floodplain may form a highly suitable
location for spawning with few predators
and enhanced levels of nutrients or food.

 Fish, such as the weather fish, make use of

floods in order to reach new habitats.

 Bird populations may also profit from the

boost in food production caused by flooding.
 Floods in India
 Floods are one of the most common and destructive natural disasters in India, affecting
millions of people and causing huge losses every year.
 Ganga Basin, especially the northern part Brahmaputra and Barak Basins Central India
and Deccan Rivers Basin, including Orissa Odisha Maharashtra Uttarakhand Bihar
Assam and Andhra Pradesh
 Methods of controlling Floods

 Structural Method: Protection of the

vulnerable area up-to certain level of flooding.
Preferred by engineers and local people.

 Non-structural Method: Reduction of loss or

damage. Preferred by social scientists and
conservationist.

 Integration Method: Integration of

structural and non-structural measures is
essential for effective disaster management.
 Structural method

 It is a measure to control the physical process of flooding. It

also prevents inundation which protects vulnerable areas
up-to certain level of flooding.

 The Structural Options:

1. Dams and Reservoirs for impounding excess runoff.

2. Detention basin, Retention Pond to lower the level of
flooding
downstream. (Not feasible due to topographical
limitation).
3. Embankment, Dyke, Polder, Levee, Bund, or Flood
wall to block the movement of water from rivers to
floodplain. (Most preferred option).
4. Improvement of Conveyance Capacity (planned but
not done due to cost element)
5. Flood bye pass, flood diversion (Not feasible)
6. Watershed Management and afforestation (not
practiced)
 Non- structural Method

Measure to reduce loss or damage

by administrative measures. It does not control or
affect the process of inundation. It does not
foster any economic growth. It must be linked up
with structural measures and vice-versa.
 Non-structural Options:
Flood forecasting (done) and warning.(poor practice)
Flood fighting (a success around cities)
Flood proofing (traditional practice) Evacuation and
shelter management standing order of GoB)
Flood insurance
Floodplain zoning
Changes in cropping pattern
 Flood Management in India

Given below are the methods of Flood management in India:

• Construction of Dams and Reservoirs

• Redirecting the excess water to canals and floodways

• Excess water can be used for groundwater replenishment

• The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB) is a flood defense

system designed to protect people and property from inland
waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales or rapid
melting snow
 CONCLUSION

An area goes under and remains under water

for some times, it is inundation.
When inundation causes damage to property
and crops, disrupts communication and brings
harmful effects to human beings as well as to
flora and fauna, we call it flood.
Inundation supports fish, navigation, soil
fertility, ecosystems, ground water recharge etc.
Flood Management measures are aimed at
reduction of damage and harmful effects,
and creation of an environment for enhanced
economic activity.
Urban flood vs. flood in rural areas need to
be treated differently. Total Flood Control is neither
possible nor desirable.
Thank you