Forensic Chemistry and
Toxicology
4
“DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN THE PHILIPPINES”
MR. LIVIN M. ORAÑA
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
OPENING PRAYER
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME
LABORATORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• To understand how does the Crime laboratory
developed.
• To identify what are the examinations that
undergo the crime laboratory
• To identify the historical background of the
crime laboratory
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Forensic Science is a discipline that gathers and examines evidence
related to crime. The main function of a Forensic Science Laboratory is
to provide an unbiased scientific report to the investigating agencies and
thus help the judiciary system. Considering the number of cases pending
for trials in courts, Forensic Science Laboratory facilitates the
investigation of different crimes with the use of advanced technologies in
each and every field of forensic science. Forensic investigator gathers
the biological and non-biological evidence usually encountered in civil
and criminal cases, does a careful analysis using the latest scientific
tools and objectively prepares report to aid the investigating agencies.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
CRIME LABORATORY
Crime laboratory, also called forensic laboratory, facility where
analyses are performed on evidence generated by crimes or,
sometimes, civil infractions. Crime laboratories can investigate
physical, chemical, biological, or digital evidence and often employ
specialists in a variety of disciplines, including behavioral forensic
science, forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, crime-scene
investigation, and ballistics
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
- Crime laboratories offer forensic science services
to the criminal justice system. Forensic science
applies scientific testing methods and the latest
technologies to collect, preserve, process, and
analyze evidence. Proof of guilt or innocence is
frequently determined by the results of forensic
evidence.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
- The leading forensic laboratory in the world is at the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), located 50
miles outside of Washington, D.C., in Quantico,
Virginia. The FBI Laboratory moved from its site in
downtown Washington, D.C., to its newly built facility
in early 2003. The FBI Lab, with approximately 650
employees, partners with state and local crime
laboratories throughout the country to solve criminal
cases.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
FIREARMS AND TOOLMARK IDENTIFICATION
The identification of firearms and weapon-related
evidence has played a critical role in crime investigation
throughout the twentieth century. Firearms investigations
involve the examination of fired bullets to determine
what kind of weapon they were fired from. Examinations
can eliminate various firearms until a match between
bullet and weapon is made.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
LATENT PRINTS
Latent prints refer to fingerprints, palm prints, and the footprints
that are not visible to the unaided eye but can be recovered from
a crime scene for study. Forensic print specialists retrieve the
prints using powders, chemicals, or special lighting. Gathered
latent prints are compared against those of suspects, or if no
suspects have been identified, they are compared to hundreds of
thousands of prints in a computer database
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
Identifying who wrote a document and the time a document was
written depend on analyzing writing characteristics, ink types, and
typewriter, printer, and photocopy characteristics. The Questioned
Documents department of the crime laboratories also restores
documents that are damaged or have faded over time. One major
function of document analysis is to determine forgeries, copies or
imitation documents created with the intention of pretending they
are authentic documents.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
CHEMISTRY
One of the oldest and largest sections of a forensic crime lab is
the chemistry department. The chemistry department undertakes
the demanding task of identifying most solids or liquids crime
investigators ask them to analyze. Bullet lead, metals from a
disaster scene, paint chips from automobiles and structures, dyes,
and biological specimens to test for illegal drugs, prescription
drugs, alcohol, poisons, and food products all are examples of
substances analyzed
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
TRACE EVIDENCE
Trace evidence refers to microscopic or larger
materials, commonly hairs or fibers, which are
transferred from person to person or object to object
during a crime. Examples include human hair, animal
hair, wood fibers, clothing fibers, carpet or car seat
fibers, rope, and feathers. Also analyzed in a trace
evidence laboratory are dental specimens.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the substance that
chromosomes are made of. Chromosomes are long
connected double strands of DNA that have a structure
resembling a twisted ladder. Along the chromosome
strands are genes, or the genetic code unique to every
person (except in special cases such as identical twins
who have the same genetic code).
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
EXPLOSIVES
- Explosive experts respond to the scene of an
explosion or investigate the discovery of an
undetonated (unexploded) bomb. They examine and
identify parts of bombs. Even if an explosion occurred,
the components used to build and detonate the bomb,
although damaged, often can still be identified.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CRIME
LABORATORY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
February 14, 1829 – Massacre occurred in Chicago.
Then a group of public-minded individuals was
responsible for the establishment of a scientific crime
laboratory in that city which today has marked its
place in the historical annals of police science.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
March 31, 1876 – Creation of Medico Titulares by virtue of
Royal Decree #188 approved by the King of Spain. For every
province, a Forensic Physician was assigned to perform public
sanitary duties and at the same time provide medico-legal aids
to the administration of justice.
December 15, 1884 – Gov. Gen. Joaquin Javellar created a
committee to study the mineral waters in Luzon and appointed
Anacleto del Rosario as chemist
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
September 13, 1887 – the government established the
“Laboratorio Municipal de Manila” under the inspection of the
“Direccion General de Administracion Civil” and under the
control of Gobierno de Provincias. Function: to make analysis,
not only food, water and other samples for public health and
legal medicine but also to analyze samples for clinical
purposes.
1894 – “Laboratorio Medico-Legal” was created under the
dependency of the judicial branch of the government and the
laboratory functioning under the direction of a physician and
assisted by a pharmacist-chemist.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
1895 – Antonio Luna established a clinical laboratory where
some original works in chemistry were done. Unfortunately, all
prospects of the advancement of the scientific laboratories
were paralyzed as a result of the revolution in 1896.
1899 – The first scientific laboratory was established in a small
building on the banks of Pasig River with Lt. R.P. STRONG of
the US Army in charge.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
1901 – Actual scientific work began under the initiative of Dean
C. Worcester by virtue of Act No. 156 approved by the Civil
Commission.
July I, 1901 – The Bureau of Government Laboratories was
created for the purpose of performing biological and chemical
examinations as well as for the production of vaccines and
sera.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
March 11, 1915 – The department of Legal Medicine was
created pursuant to the resolution of the Board of Reagents. The
department took charge of the courses of legal medicines and its
branches in the College of Medicine and Law.
October 14, 1924 – Through the passage of Act No. 3043 by the
Philippine Legislature, the same of Department of Legal
Medicine became a branch of the Department of Justice and at
the same time an integral part of the University of the
Philippines.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
December 1, 1937 – The “Division of Investigation” was create
under Commonwealth Act No. 181 with two medico-legal
officers and a chemist. The Medico-legal Section of the
Division of Investigation started the definite movement towards
the creation of scientific crime detection laboratory.
September 1945 - The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
was organized with the Division of Investigation as the nucleus.
The chemical laboratory of the Medico-legal Section was
expanded into a Forensic Chemistry Division.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Present Criminal Investigation lab or Forensic
laboratory in the Philippines performing Chemical
Analysis
1. Forensic Chemistry Division of NBI
2. Chemistry Division of PNP
3. Laboratory Service of PDEA
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
CRIME LABORATORY IN PNP
Fingerprint Record Section, G-2 Division, Military Police
Command (may 19, 1945) – created following the end of
2nd world war to assist in investigative works and soon
named Crime Laboratory Branch after adding Forensic
Chemistry unit, Ballistics, Photography and Questioned
Document
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Technical Laboratory Branch, criminal Investigation Service
(CIS), PC (1948) – the new name of Crime Laboratory Branch
after become one of vital unit of CIS. Then ion 1951, Medico-
legal and Polygraph units were added.
Philippine Constabulary Forensic Laboratory (1955) created
after Technical Laboratory Branch was detached from CIS. After
succeeding years, PCFL was decentralized creating four
regional laboratories covering four zones nationwide and
renamed it to PC Central Crime Laboratory.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
o PSSUPT LILITA BOMEDIANO CHAMBERS(ret) – A
Forensic Chemist-Pharmacist designated as Chief of
Chemistry Division from 1977 to 1990, commissioned as
Police Captain in 1981 through lateral entry. She was first
commissioned officer occupy the position as Chief of
Forensic Chemistry Div, PC in the country.
Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police Crime
Laboratory Service – PC/INPCLS (May 18, 1985) – new name
of PCCCL after it changes its function and administrative set
up.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
NCR unit and Cordillera Regional Unit –
activated/constituted effective September 20, 1989
and April 1, 1989 respectively to cope up with the
increasing demand of cases in this area.
Philippine National Police (1991) Republic Act 6975
was signed into law, separating the police form AFP
and placing it under DILG
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
PNP Crime Laboratory Service (January 18, 1991) – activated
as a support unit of PNP pursuant to GO # 57 and readjusting
the position of the head of the laboratory from Police
Superintendent to Police Chief Superintendent (one star
general).
Central Crime Laboratory – formed in order to control all the
activities of all satellite laboratories including district offices and
regional laboratory of PNP Crime Laboratory.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Physical Science Division, PNPCL (January 2000) division of
Crime Laboratory that perfors chemical analysis was divided
into two division – The Forensic Chemistry Division and
Physical Identification Division.
Chemistry Division – involves examination that requires
chemical analysis.
Physical Identification division – examined trace evidences and
other specimen that only requires physical examination.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME LABORATORY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
PR-4.1.1
“THE CRIME LAB”
Pen & Paper
none
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
PR-4.1.1
MAKE AN ESSAY THAT WILL SHOW THE
IMPORTANCE OF CRIME LABORATORIES, WHAT
ARE THE SCIENCES OR TYPES OF EVIDENCE
WHICH REPRESENTS EACH SCIENCES OF
CRIMINALISTICS.
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Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
PR-4.1.1
For Flexible Distance Learning:
• Screenshot of hand written answer on bondpaper and uploaded at Edmodo
Apps
For Modular Distance Learning:
• Handwritten bondpaper and submitted at AISAT Campus
• Five days after the discussion.
• OCTOBER 23, 2020
NO. 4
Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
“Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with what
you can do.”
– John Wooden
