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REINFORCED
CONCRETE
STRUCTURE
ENGR. MUHAMMAD BAQIR
M.E Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Larkano | GCT Larkano
 SLAB 2

Concrete:
• A slab is a horizontal structural element of a building or
structure that is typically flat and thin in comparison to its
length and width. Slabs are used to provide a stable and
level surface for floors, ceilings, and roofs, and they
transfer loads from above to the supporting beams,
columns, or walls beneath them. They are commonly
constructed from materials such as concrete, reinforced
concrete, or steel, and their design and detailing play a
crucial role in ensuring the overall stability and
performance of a structure.
 TYPES OF SLABS 3

Types of Slabs:
1. One-Way Slab: A slab supported on two opposite sides and primarily designed to resist bending in one direction. Reinforcement is
provided along the span of the slab.
2. Two-Way Slab: A slab supported on all four sides and designed to resist bending in two orthogonal directions. Reinforcement is
provided in both directions.
3. Flat Slab: A slab without drop panels or beams between columns, providing a flat soffit. Flat slabs offer simplified formwork and
increased flexibility for service installation.
4. Waffle Slab: A reinforced concrete slab with a grid of ribs on the underside, creating a waffle-like pattern. Waffle slabs offer increased
stiffness and reduced weight compared to solid slabs.
5. Ribbed Slab: Similar to waffle slabs, ribbed slabs have ribs running in only one direction, providing increased stiffness and strength.
 TYPES OF SLABS 4

Types of Slabs:
1. Voided Slab: Slabs with voids or hollow areas within them, often achieved through prefabricated void formers or bubble decks. Voided
slabs reduce weight while maintaining structural integrity.
2. Post-Tensioned Slab: A slab where high-strength steel tendons are placed within the concrete and tensioned after the concrete has
hardened. Post-tensioning increases the slab's strength and allows for longer spans.
3. Precast Slab: Slabs manufactured off-site and transported to the construction site for installation. Precast slabs offer advantages in
terms of quality control, speed of construction, and reduced site labor.
4. Composite Slab: A slab where the concrete slab is constructed integrally with steel beams or decking. Composite slabs utilize the
strength and stiffness of both materials to achieve efficient structural performance.
 TYPES OF SLABS 5

ONE WAY SLAB:

1. Voided Slab: Slabs with voids or hollow areas within them, often achieved through prefabricated void formers or bubble decks. Voided
slabs reduce weight while maintaining structural integrity.
2. Post-Tensioned Slab: A slab where high-strength steel tendons are placed within the concrete and tensioned after the concrete has
hardened. Post-tensioning increases the slab's strength and allows for longer spans.
3. Precast Slab: Slabs manufactured off-site and transported to the construction site for installation. Precast slabs offer advantages in
terms of quality control, speed of construction, and reduced site labor.
4. Composite Slab: A slab where the concrete slab is constructed integrally with steel beams or decking. Composite slabs utilize the
strength and stiffness of both materials to achieve efficient structural performance.
REINFORCED CONCRETE 6
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 7

Advantages:
• Reinforced concrete, as a structural material, is widely used in many types of structures. It is competitive with steel if
economically designed and executed. The advantages of reinforced concrete can be summarized as follows:
1. It has a relatively high compressive strength.
2. It has better resistance to fire than steel.
3. It has a long service life with low maintenance cost.
4. In some types of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most economical structural material.
5. It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in precast structural components. It yields rigid members
with minimum apparent deflection.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 8

Disadvantages:
• The disadvantages of reinforced concrete can be summarized as follows:
1. It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive strength.
2. It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect the final strength of concrete.
3. The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high. The cost of form material and artisanry may equal the cost
of concrete placed in the forms.
4. It has a low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is about 1 : 10, depending on materials), which leads to
large sections in columns of multistory buildings.
5. Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads
 WORKING STRESS METHOD 9

Working
2 Stress Method (WSM):
• The working stress method is a straightforward approach to design concrete structures. It calculates stresses within
materials like concrete and steel to ensure they stay within safe limits under expected loads. This method assumes
that these materials behave elastically, meaning they return to their original shape after loads are removed. It's
commonly used for simpler structures where loads and behavior are well understood.
• It is traditional designing method used to design Reinforced Concrete Structures, Steel Structures, Timber Structures
• It is based on elastic theory and assumes that both steel and concrete are elastic and obey Hook’s Law.
• Stress is directly proportional to strain up to the point of collapse called yield point.
• WSM uses factor of safety for stresses only.
• For materials not for loads.
 ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD 10

Ultimate Load Method (ULM):

• This method is based on the concept of designing a structure to withstand the maximum expected loads without
collapsing or failing. It involves determining the maximum load that a structure can support without experiencing a
catastrophic failure. The ultimate load method is more focused on the strength and resistance of the structure against
extreme loading conditions.
 LIMIT STRESS METHOD 11

Limit Stress Method (LSM):

• This method focuses on ensuring that the structure remains serviceable and safe against failure throughout its
intended design life. It considers both the ultimate limit state (ULS), which deals with the structure's strength and
stability, and the serviceability limit state (SLS), which addresses issues such as deflection, vibration, and durability.
Limit state design aims to ensure that the structure does not reach a state where it becomes unfit for its intended use.
• It is combination of working strength and ultimate load method of design.
• Uses Partial Factor of Safety.
• The acceptable limit of safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called Limit stress method.
Types of Limit Stress
• Limit stress of strength
• Limit stress of serviceability
 WSM VS LSM 12

WSM LSM
• Low load is used. • Ultimate load is used.
• No warning sign (Sudden collapse without • It will first show warning sign (Before
cracking warning). collapse).
• It is used where load does not exceed. • Design for fluctuating loads.
• Eg. Water Tanks • Allows to cross the Elastic limit and enter into
Plastic limit.
Uses Partial Safety Factor
1. For Materials
2. For Lad
WSM VS LSM 13
WSM VS LSM 14
WSM VS LSM 15
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THANK YOU
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